治者/自我管理者)所拥有的(不译/所有物/所具备的东西/财产/财富)。
autonomous (self-governing):自主行为的;自我管理的;自我约束的。 possession:wealth or property 财富,财产。 be essential to 必不可少的,非常重要的 practices 实践活动
in which = in these practices,译作“在这些实践活动中”。 is held responsible for 对??负责
conduct:the way a person acts, especially from the standpoint of morality and ethics 操行,行为一个人行为的方式,尤指从道德和伦理的角度来看。
and given credit for 认可;赞誉;给予肯定
credit:approval for an act, ability, or quality; praise 赞同,赞扬对某一行为、能力或质量的赞同;赞扬 参考译文:
自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主行为的/自我控制的/自我约束的/自主人/自治者/自我管理者所拥有的/财产/财富,而且他们是实践活动/实践/实际活动中必不可少的,在这些实践活动中,一个人必须对他的行为负责,取得成绩时他也必须得到表扬。 得分重点:
并列结构,多重定语结构,定语从句,被动结构,省略结构
65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 结构分析:
65) 条件状语从句Until // 主语these issues // 谓语 被动结构are resolved, // 主语a technology / of 省略结构behavior (science)谓语 // 被动结构will continue / to be rejected, // 省略结构and with it // possibly the only way / to solve our problems(will continue to be rejected). 词义推敲:
until 除非,如果不
issue are resolved 被动结构——问题得以解决
a technology of behavior:研究行为(科学)的技术手段
to be rejected被动结构——受到排斥 / 被抛弃 / 被拒绝 / 被否定 / 被反对
and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems(will continue to be rejected)省略结构
with it 随之;伴随着它。
possibly the only way to solve our problems 解决问题的惟一方式 / 唯一可能解决问题的方式 参考译文:
如果这些问题得不到解决/除非这些问题得到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥/被抛弃/被拒绝/被否定/被反对,解决问题的惟一方式可能也随之受到排斥。 得分重点:
条件状语从句,被动结构,省略结构
10、2003年
题目解析:
(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
结构分析:
复合句61) 状语Furthermore, // 主句humans // have // the ability 后置定语to / modify the environment // 定语从句in which // they // live, // 结果状语thus // subjecting all other life forms to // their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 词义推敲:
furthermore:而且,此外
modify the environment in which they live:改变他们的生存/所居住环境 modify:to change in form or character; alter 变更,在形式或特征上改变,修改 they:指代“humans”
subjecting all other life forms to 让所有其它形态的生命服从?? other life forms = other forms of life 其它形式的生命 peculiar:独特的,特有的
fancy:imagination, especially of a whimsical or fantastic nature 想象,尤指有异想天开或空想的特性的,喜好 参考译文:
(而且/另外/并且/更进一步来说/甚至/不仅如此/此外),人类还有能力(改变/改善/改进/改造)自己的生存环境,从而使所有(其它形态的生命/其他生命形式/其他生命形态/其他形式的生命)(服从于/承受/都符合/按照??来改变/将??进行改造/与??一致/适应)人类自己独特的想法和想像。 得分重点:
定语从句,固定短语
(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 结构分析:
62) 主句Social science // is // that branch of / intellectual enquiry // 定语从句which // seeks to / study // humans and their endeavors // 方式状语in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner // 定语从句that natural scientists // use // 目的状语for the study of / natural phenomena.
词义推敲:
Social science 社会科学 intellectual enquiry 知识探究 enquiry = inquiry:探究,探索 seek to:试图,设法
humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为 endeavor:努力
in ? manner 以??方式,用??方法 reasoned 理性的 orderly 有序的 dispassioned 冷静的 natural phenomena 自然现象 参考译文:
社会科学是知识探索/探究/探寻的一个分支,它力图/试图/致力于/寻求像自然科学家研究自然现象那
样,用理性的/推理的、有序的/有规律的/有条理的/有秩序的、系统的和冷静的/客观的/不受情绪影响的)(方式/方法)研究人类及其行为。 得分重点:
定语从句
(63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 结构分析:
63) 主语The emphasis on / data / 后置定语gathered first-hand, // combined with // a cross-cultural perspective // brought to // the analysis of / cultures / past and present, // 谓语makes // this study // a 前置定语unique and distinctly important social science. 词义推敲:
The emphasis对??的强调,对??的重视 data gathered first-hand搜集的第一手资料 first-hand:直接地,第一手地 combined with加上
a cross-cultural perspective跨文化视角 参考译文:
(强调/注重/重视/对于??重视/对于??强调)(搜集/采集/收集)第一手(资料/数据),(加上/结合/连同)在分析(过去和现在的文化(形态)/古今文化/过去和现在的文化现象)时采用(跨文化/文化交汇/交叉文化)(视角/视点/观察),使这一研究成为一门(独特/独一无二/与众不同)并且(非常重要的/极为重要的/特别重要的/有特殊重要性的)社会科学。 得分重点:
多重定语结构
(64)Tylor defined culture as “?that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” 结构分析:
64) 主句Tylor // defined culture as // 直接引语\引语的主句that complex whole // 定语从句which // includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, / and any other capabilities / and habits // 后置定语acquired by man // as a member of society.\词义推敲:
Tylor人名,按照音译“泰勒”。 defined culture as 将文化定义为 that complex whole 一个复合体 which:指代“whole”,译作“它”。 morals 道德
acquire:取得,获得
man as a member of society 人作为社会成员/作为社会成员的人 参考译文:
泰勒(把文化定义为/为文化下的定义是/是这样定义文化的)“??一个(复合整体/复合体/综合体/集合体/统一体/复杂整体/组合体),(它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯/它包括(信仰/信念)、艺术、(道德/伦理)、法律、风俗(习惯)以及人作为社会成员所
(获得/获取)的其它能力和习惯)。” 得分重点:
定语从句,后置定语
(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 结构分析:
65) 状语结构Thus, // 主语 多重定语the anthropological concept of / \插入结构 举例like // 多重定语the concept of / \谓语is // an abstract concept // 定语从句which // makes 倒装结构 // possible // 前置定语immense amounts of / concrete research and understanding. 词义推敲:
the anthropological concept of \人类学的“文化”的概念 the concept of \数学中“集合”的概念 an abstract concept抽象概念
abstract:considered apart from concrete existence 抽象的,和真实存在不同的 which:指代“concept”,译作“它”。 make sth possible 使得??成为可能
which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding:(它/这种概念)使大量的具体研究和认识(成为可能/有可能进行)
immense amounts of concrete research大量的具体研究 参考译文:
(因此/所以),人类学中“文化”的(概念/观念)就像数学中“集合”的概念一样,是一个抽象概念。(它/这种概念)使大量的具体研究和认识(成为可能/有可能进行)。 得分重点:
插入结构,定语从句,倒装结构
11、2004年
题目解析:
(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. 结构分析:
(61) 主句The Greeks // assumed // 宾语从句that 从句的主句the structure of / language // had some connection with // the process of / thought, // 定语从句which // took root in Europe // 时间状语从句long before // people // realized // 宾语从句how diverse // languages // could be. 词义推敲:
The Greeks:希腊人
assume:认为,假设,假定,承担 have connection with:与??有关系
the process of thought思想的过程;思维过程 which:指代前面整句,译作“这个观点”。 took rootin生根;扎根
long before 早在?之前
how diverse 多么的不同;多么的千差万别 diverse:多种多样的,不同的 参考译文:
希腊人(认为/以为),语言结构与思维的过程之间存在着某种联系。(这种想法/这一观点),(早在人们意识到语言会有多么千差万别之前在欧洲就已经根深蒂固了/在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根)。 得分重点:
宾语从句,定语从句,时间状语从句
(62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. 结构分析:
(62) 主句We // are obliged to // them // 原因状语从句 because // some of / these languages // have since vanished, // 原因状语从句as // the peoples // 定语从句who // spoke // them // 并列结构1 died out / or 并列结构2 被动结构became assimilated // and lost // their native languages. 词义推敲:
be obliged to sb. 感激某人
them:指代“Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers”,译作“两位先驱”或者“他们”。
have since vanished从那以后就消失了,不复存在了 since 表示 “从此以后”之意 vanish:disappear消失 die out 灭绝
assimilate:吸收,同化
native languages 母语,本民族的语言 参考译文:
我们之所以(感激/感谢)他们(两位先驱),是因为从此以后,这些(土著)语言中(的一部分/有一些)(消失/已经不复存在)了,因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了,要么被同化了,因而丧失了(自己/本族)的语言。 得分重点:
原因状语从句,定语从句,并列结构,被动结构
(63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. 结构分析:
(63) 主句The 前置定语newly described languages // were // 状语结构often // so strikingly different from // 多重定语the well studied languages / of Europe and Southeast Asia // 结果状语从句that some scholars // even accused Boas and Sapir of // fabricating // their data. 词义推敲:
newly described langauges 新描述、研究的语言 so ... that ? 如此?以至于 strikingly different显著的不同 striking:显著的,突出的