everywhere.
随着人口的增长和工业的发展，垃圾也到处都是。
(1) with 表示伴随， 引导的介词短语在句中作状语，其反义词为without. 如： With these words, the tiger jumped into the river. Without the sun, nothing would grow. 【拓展】
with + 某种工具 表示：用…, 使用…, 一般可以转化为use sth…
She cuts the apples with a knife. (2) industry n. 工业，产业
heavy/light industry 重/轻工业
She got a job in industry. 她在工厂找了份工作。
We need to develop local industries. 我们需要发展地方工业。 16.None of us likes pollution.
1) none 可以指人，也可以指物；而no one和nobody只能指人。
2) none 后常跟of短语，构成―none of + 名词、代词‖结构。None of后面接不可数
名词时，谓语动词用单数；none of 后接复数名词时，谓语动词用单复数均可；no one 后不能接of短语，作主语时谓语动词用单数。 None of the work was done.
None of my friends has/ have been there. 3) 在简短回答中，no one 可以用来回答who；而none则用来回答how many或how
much。
—Who are you speaking with? —No one.
—How many students have been to West Lake?
—None.
4) nobody相当于no one，二者可用else修饰，而none不行。 No one/ Nobody else knows the secret.
17.Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away. They can also prevent the water from washing the earth away.树木能防风巩土，也能防止水土流失。 Stop/ prevent/ keep sb (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
keep sb from doing sth 阻止、避免某人/某物做某事，from不可省
18.This harms the environment and takes up a lot of space. 1) take up 占用（时间金钱）
This table takes up too much room. 这桌子太占空间。 2）space 空间=room 不可数名词
19、People have difficulty finding new land to put the rubbish in. Have difficulty/ trouble in doing sth. 做某事有困难。 可用some、much、little、no、any来修饰difficulty I had no trouble in finding his place.
20.too much和much too
Too much 后面加不可数名词，表示许多；很，经常（修饰动词）
Watching TV too much is bad for the eyes.
Much too 副词短语，太，很，非常。Much 修饰too，因此much too = too后面跟形容词或副词。Too many +可数名词复数：太多 例题：
The box is________ small；we can't put_________ food in it. A. too much；much too. B. much too；too much 21、Well, my main job is to help spread the message about protecting the environment. For example, the three Rs-reduce, reuse and recycle-are important 1）is to help spread… 动词不定式短语作表语。 （1） 动词不定式基本形式：
to+动词原形 （在某些情况下可以不带 to） （2）特点 ：
A .没有人称和数的变化
B . 可以有自己的宾语和状语
C . 有时态和语态的变化（被动语态的形式为 to be 动词不定式用法：当主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定于，状语等。
A、作主语，如
To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It’s not easy to learn a foreign language. It is good ____________ others. 帮助他人是件好事。
It is exciting ___________the Internet. 上网是件令人兴奋的事。
B、作表语，如
The important thing is to finish the work on time .
What you have to do now is _______________(打扫教室) C 作宾语 1)动词 + to do
常见动词有 agree, decide ,fail, hope,wish , want, plan 等 1 He decided ___________ (buy) the camera.
2 I want ___________ (listen to) some music after class 3 I hope ___________ (travel) all over the world one day 2) 动词+疑问词 + to do I don’t know what to do .
how to do it/that.
_______________ (去哪里) _______________(什么时候出发) 3) 动词 + it(形式宾语）+宾补 +to do I find it important to learn English 我发现很难和他好好相处.
________________________________ 我发现在炎热的夏天很容易入睡
+ 动词过去分词） _________________________________ 1) 动词 + 宾语 +to do
Li Mei asked me to show her the new dictionary . 注：有以上结构的常用动词有 tell. wish, ask, want like, beg, invite,warn, allow,encourage,advise 等。 2) 动词 + 宾语 + do
注：常用的动词是:感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice； 使役动词 have ,make, let. E、作状语 可以表目的、表结果、表原因
I came here _____________________ ( 告诉你一个好消息 F、作定语（必须后置 我们每天有很多作业要做.
_________________________________ 注意
1、在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时，不定式可省略to,但以上词变为被动语态时，要加上to, 如
1) I always see her play the violin .
--﹥She is always seen __to play______ the violin 2.not + to do
Please tell her _not to do__(not do) so much housework.
Mr.Smith asked the boy __not to play____(not play) this kind of game. 中考重点句型
一、常使用动词不定式的短语
1、It’s time to do sth.\\ It’s time for sth 该作某事的时候了. 2、can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待要作某事
3、ask /telle sb. (not ) to do sth. 要求/告诉某人(不)作某事 4、allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人作某事 5、be supposed to do sth. 应该作某事
6、Would like /want (sb.) to do sth. 想要作某事 7、have sth/nothing to do 有…时要做/与…无关 8、find it +adj. to do sth. 发觉作某事…
9、prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿作某事,而不愿作某事 10、It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth. 作某事对某人来说… 11、It’s better /best to do sth. 最好做某事
12、It takes sb. sometime. to do sth. 某人做某事用了一些时间 记忆：1.一看二听三使役
see/ hear/ feel/ notice/ look at /listen to sb. do sth. 看见/听见/感觉/注意某人作某事
make /let /have sb. do sth. 使/让某人做某事 2、help sb. (to) do sth/ with sth.帮助某人作某事 3、 had better (not) do sth. 最好(不)做某事 4、 Why don’t you/ not do sth.为什么不作某事 5、Would /Will / Could you please (not) do sth. 请你(不)作某事好吗?
练习
1. John was made _____ the truck for a week as a punishment. A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 2. Tell him _______ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
3. Mrs Smith warned her daughter ________ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive
4. Though he had often made his little sister _____, today he was made _____by his little sister.
A. cry；to cry B. crying；crying C. cry；cry D. to cry；cry 5. I would love ______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
ABAAA
1. The workers want us ________ together with them. A. work B. working C. to work D. worked
2. --The light in the office is still on. --Oh, I forgot _______. A. turning it off B. turn it off
C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 3. There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know _________.
A. where to choose B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which
4. The teacher told them _______make so much noise. A. don’t B. not C. will not D. not to CCBD
1.The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eat 2.Rather than ___ on a crowded bus, he always prefers
____ a bicycle. A. ride; ride B . riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding
3.He gave us some advice on how____ English.
A.learning B . learned C. to learn D . learn 4.Is______necessary to change trains at Beijing? A. this B. that C. it D. he
5.Our father often told us in the past that _____is believing.
A .to see B .seeing C .see D .to be seen 6.She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____on a big rock by the side of the path.
A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D .rest
7.I’m thirsty. Would you please give me something________.
A .drunk B .to drink C .to be drunk D .for drinking 8.Tom is the first _____ to school.
A . get B . to get C.getting D . got 9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
10. I saw him _______ out of the room. A. go B. had gone C. has gone D. goes CCCCB CBBAA
22、Everyone is supposed to do so. 每个人都应该这么做。 1）suppose 认为，推断，料想 I suppose the price will go up.
2) be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事
You were supposed to be here an hour ago. 辨析：be supposed to do 和should 区别
前者表示按规定，习惯，安排等应该做某事，强调客观因素；而should指主观上感到有责任或义务去做某事。
23、First, you ought to turn off the lights when you leave a room. 1) ought to do sth. 应该做某事，表示责任或义务
Ought to 否定式为ought not to；疑问句ought提前。例如： You ought not to tell her the bad news.
Ought we to go there? Yes, you ought. / No, you ought not.
Ought to 的反义疑问句中，附加疑问词用ought或should。例如： Such things ought not to happen, ought they? We ought to go out now, oughtn't/ shouldn't we? Ought to 无人称，时态及数的变化。 2）turn off 关掉 反义词turn on
2、they are very efficient and cost very little to run. 1）run 运行，运转，操作 Run用法小结：
A. vi. (1)跑 They came running to meet us.
(2)行驶 The train was running at 80 miles an hour. (3)流 All the rivers will run into the sea. We mustn’t let the water run to waste.
His nose is running all day because he has a bad cold. B. vt. 管理；经营 They have run six factories. He runs the school well.
C. v. 变得 The river began to run dry. Their money is running short. The garden was running wild.