相关短语
run a fever发高烧 run after sb./ sth.追求 run away逃跑 run for…竞选
run into…邂逅；偶遇 run out（某物）用完 run out of…用完（某物） run short（某物）短缺 run short of…短缺（某物） run up to…合计为；高达 run across…邂逅；偶遇 run ahead of…领先于
run smooth进展顺利 run through…花光；用尽；略谈 run up迅速成长；（物价）上涨
2）Efficient 有效率的，效率高的
辨析：effective - efficient - effectual A.effective 有效的
take effective measures 采取有效措施
The description of the fire is very effective. 对大火的描述极其生动。 B.efficient 有效率的 ; 有能力的，能胜任的 efficient methods 经济而有效的方法 an efficient manager 称职的经理 C.effectual 奏效的
Quinine is an effectual preventive for malaria. 奎宁是有效的疟疾预防药。
24.It takes people just 7 minutes to go to the airport 30 km away. The train can reach a top speed of 431 km per hour.
1) it 当形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to go to the airport 2) reach a speed of +具体速度, 表示达到某种速度。 At a speed of +具体速度，表示以某种速度。。。
He is driving to the center of the city at a speed of twenty miles per hour. 另外，speed前可用high，low，full等形容词修饰。 At top speed= at full speed 以全速
At a high /low/ safe/ great/ amazing speed 以高速/低速/安全/极快/惊人的速度
语法：
一． 直接引语和间接引语
在引用别人原话时，被引用的部分称为直接引语；如： “What are you reading,Jane?” Maria asked.
当用自己的话转述别人的话时，被转述部分称为间接引语。如：
Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
直接引语和间接引语可互相转换，但要注意以下几个变化：
1． 直接引语变为间接引语时，引导词要根据句子类型的不同有所变化。 1）如果直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，引导词用that或省略。如： She said, ―I’m very glad to have such a chance.‖ →She said (that) she was very glad to have such a chance. 2）如果是一般疑问句时，则用whether或 if。如：
Maria asked Jane, ―Can they get good food and medicine?‖ →Maria asked Jane whether/ if they could get good food and medicine.
3）如果是特殊疑问句时，则用相应的疑问词what, where, which, how等。如： Maria asked Jane, ― What are you reading?‖ →Maria asked Jane what she was reading.
4）如果是祈使句时，则多用动词ask, tell, order引导的不定式结构。如： Mother said to me, ― Try again.‖→ Mother asked me to try again. ― Don’t be afraid‖, Tom said to Dick.→Tom told Dick not to be afraid. 各种句型 变化要领 例句 陈述句 一般疑问句 特殊疑问句 连接词用that，在口语中可省 用if或whether，改为陈述语序 She said: ―He will be busy.‖→ She said that he would be busy. She said to Tom, ―Can you help me?‖→ She asked Tom if /whether he could help her. The teacher asked, ―how did you repair it?‖ → The teacher asked me how I had repaired it. The mother said, ―Tom, get up early, please.‖→ The mother asked Tom to get up early. 用原句的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序 who, whom, whose, how, when等 用―动词+宾语+不定式‖结构 常用动词ask, tell, order等 祈使句 2． 语序的变化：若是从句，一律为陈述语序。 3． 时态的变化。
1）主句为现在或将来时态时，间接引语的时态不变；如： He says, ―I’m tired.‖→ He says he is tired. He will say, ― The boy was lazy.‖→ He will say the boy was lazy.
2）主句为过去时态时，间接引语则一般都有改成相应的过去时态，但表示自然科学和真理之类的仍以现在时出现。如： He said, ―I’m sorry.‖→ He said he was sorry.
The teacher told us, ―The earth moves around the sun.‖ → The teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 4． 人称的变化。如：
The teacher said, ―John, you must bring your book to the class.‖ → The teacher told John that he must bring his book to the class. 5． 时间状语的变化。如：now→then; today→that day; tonight→that night;
this morning→that morning; ago→before; yesterday→the day before; last night→the night before; the day before yesterday→two days before; tomorrow→the next day; next week→the next week.
6． 地点状语的变化。如：here→there 7． 指示代词的变化。如：this→that; these → those 8． 动词的变化。如：come → go; bring → take 在直接引语中 在间接引语中 指示代词 this that 时间状语 地点状语 动词时态 （以work为例） 动词变化
单项选择
1. He asked ________ for the computer.
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
2. ―Have you seen the film?‖ he asked me. →He asked me _______. A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the film
C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film 3. ―Please close the window,‖ he said to me. →He ______ me _____ the window. A. said to; to close B. told to; closing
C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close 4. ―I am a teacher,‖ Jack said. →He said _________. A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher
现在进行时 （is /are working） 过去进行时 （was / were working） 现在完成时 （has / have 过去完成时 （had worked） worked） 一般过去时 （worked） 过去完成时 （had worked） can/may must come bring 过去完成时 （had worked） （不变） （had worked） could/might had to go take these now today tomorrow next year yesterday two days ago last week here 一般现在时 （work） those then that day the next day the next year the day before two days before the week before there 一般过去时 （worked） 一般将来时 （will /shall work） 过去将来时 （would work） 注意：时态：当直接引语是客观规律（真理）时，时态不变。
C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher 5. He said, ―Mother, the boy is very naughty.‖ →He _____- very naughty. A. said his mother that the boy was B. said to his mother that the boy is C. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mother that the boy was
6. ―You’ve already got well, haven’t you?‖ she asked. →She asked ________.
A. if I have already got well, hadn’t you B. whether I had already got well
C. have I already got well D. had I already got well.
7. He asked , ― Are you a Party member or a League member?‖ →He asked me _________.
A. am I a Party member or a League member B. was I a Party member or a League member C. if I was a Party member or a League member
D. whether was I a Party member or a League member. 8. He asked, ―How are you getting along?‖ →He asked _______. A. how am I getting along B. how are you getting along C. how I was getting along D. how was I getting along 9. He asked me ________ with me.
A. what the matter is B. what the mater was C. what’s the matter D. what was the matter
10. He said, ―Don’t do that again.‖ He _____ me _______ that again. A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; don’t do C. told me; don’t do D. told me; not to do
（二）构词法
1. 合成词：由两个或者更多独立的单词组合成一个单词。 如：
motherland, basketball, filmmaker, birthday; hometown, greenhouse, etc. 2. 派生词：一词通过加前缀或后缀构成一个新词。 如： 1）常见的前缀：
dis-; un-; im- 表示“不”， 如：
dislike（不喜欢） disappear（消失） disagree （不同意）disobey（不遵守） unhappy（不快乐） unfair（不公平） unlike（不像） unfriendly（不友好） impolite （不礼貌） impossible（不可能） re- 表示“重复”， 如：
retell（复述） review（复习） rewrite（重写） return（重返） super- 表示“超”， 如：
supermarket（超市） superman（超人） superstar（超级明星） mis- 表示“错误”， 如：
mistake（错误） misunderstand（误解） 2) 常见的后缀：
名词后缀：-er, -or; -ness; -tion; - ment 如：
worker（工人） player（选手） teacher（教师） driver（司机） visitor （参观者） inventor（发明者） translator （翻译者）
question（问题） invention （发明） education （教育） organization（组织）
movement（运动 ） agreement（同意） development（发展） 形容词后缀：-ful; -ous; -less - able; -y 如：
useful （有用的） careful（认真的） helpful （有帮助的） successful（成功的） dangerous（危险的） famous （著名的） delicious （可口的） serious（严肃的）
homeless （无家可归的） careless（粗心的） useless（无用的） changeable （易变的） countable（可数的）
cloudy （多云的） windy （有风的） sleepy（困倦的） rainy（下雨的）
二．并列句
并列句构成：简单句+并列连词+简单句 1.表示承接、并列关系的连词及并列句 And, both…and…, as well as,
Not only…but also, neither…nor…
My father bought me a present, and I like it very much. He can speak not only English but also French. 2.表示转折的连词及并列句 But, yet, while, however,
Lucy likes red while lily likes white. 3.表示选择关系的连词及并列句
Either…or…, neither…nor…(就近原则) or否则 Hurry up, or you will be late. 4.表示因果关系的连词及并列句 So, for
They studied very hard，so they all passed the exam . 连词or, and, but 和 while的用法 or 否则的话 and 并且,而且 but 但是,表示转折
while 而, 然而 强调对比 随堂练习：
1、- Jane, would you like to go shopping with me? -I'd like to, and _____
-Jane, would you like to go shopping with me? -I'd like to, but _____
A. I have a lot of homework to do. B. I also want to buy some clothes.