Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
Literal Translation means word-for-word translation. It takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.
Liberal Translationis also called Free Translation. It is a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech.
Foreignization: If the translator’s preference is placed on preserving the language and cultural differences of the Source Text, we call this kind of approaches or its translation foreignizing or foreignization.
Domestication: the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the Target Language and culture is called domesticating or domestication.
Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain class is shifted into a word class of another without the addition of affix.
Omission is to omit some words which are not translated in targeted text, or to delete those dispensable, seem burdensome words while remain keeping world?s original meanings.
Amplification means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original.
Cohesion refers to the relations of meanings exist within the text.
Coherence can be thought of as how meanings and sequences of ideas relate to each other.
Text refers to anypassage, spoken or written, of whatever length, to form a unified whole.
Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts,moral, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, phrases and sentences in which a word is used. This is what is known as linguistic context, which may be a paragraph, a whole chapter and even an entire book.
Style is the essential characteristic of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer’s personality and his emotions at the moment, and no single paragraph can be put together without revealing in some degree the nature of its author.
Tytler’s three translation criteria
? A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original
work.
? The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that
of the original.
? The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
Contrast between Chinese and English
? Subject—prominent vs Topic--prominent ? Hypotaxis vs Parataxis ? Tree vs Bamboo
? Statics vs Dynamics ? Passive vs Active
Semantic translation:where the translator attemps,within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the translation,to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original.
Communicative translation:where the translator attemps to produce the same effect on the Target Language readers as was produced by the original on the source language readers.
Formal equivalence：It focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. Such translations then would be concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept.
dynamic equivalence:It is the \the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors.
第二题
1. criteria p5
Tytler’s three translation criteria
? A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
? The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. ? The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
2. culture difference values/customs/education values :
一：时间观念差异 Different idea of Time 1.美国是任务导向型民族
Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 2.以钟点计酬，讲究时间观念
3.When you visit to a friend's home,please arrive on time. Don't stay for a long time
1.中国人是感情导向型民族 We always put off the schedule e.g. ——Where is the report?
——It will be ready tomorrow.
2.智能劳作耗时与劳酬对称的变革错位，某些知识产品的公开发表、出版面世，必须自掏腰包。尽管完成一项科研成果，写出一部书稿常常需要以年计时，甚至耗去一辈子的时间，其回报多数竟为零或负值。
3.拜访某人时，不需要太准时，在约定时间前后半小时内即可。 If you have nothing to chat,it's time to say goodbye. 二：Self-concpet
In the western countriesIndividualism
Always use “I think?””I suppose?”
The movies in the US always made a hero which means the “individualistic heroism”
From the revolutions just like Renaissance and other movement,we could see the independent thought of the Americans.Pay less attention in the social hierarchy. Focus on self-worth development. In China Altruism
Always be modest.“谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。” Collective consciousness
Society have traditionally been very hierarchical.
Be taught to sacrifice personal interest when face the chanllenges or any problems. Based on families.
三：The difference of view on friendship
Chinese except friendships to be more lasting.For chinese a true friendship endure throughout life changes.Chinses are fridends even if they haven’t spoken for 20 years.
In Western countries,even relationship in which people fell close and tell each other personal problem may not survive life changes.If people don't see each other regularly,the relationship is likely to die.
四： Business Negotiation
Agenda cannot be unified（议程无法统一）
Chinese negotiators tend to cross talks（横向谈判）
Several issues are discussed at the same time until negotiators solve all problems.
American negotiators tend to discuss in the longitudinal direction.（纵向谈判）
First discussing a question until the problem is solved, and then the next question will begin. Come to a deadlock（陷入僵局）
Chinese negotiators rarely directly refute the other side's views, but they express their views with euphemism （委婉的）.
American negotiators strive to show their views directly, showing a strong attack. These differences will make it difficult to negotiate. Risk of failure（失败风险）
Chinese people pay attention to friendship, which may change the terms of the contract.
Americans pay great attention to the interests, the legal nature of the contract, and strictly carry out the contract.
These two kinds of attitude to the contract will make the performance of the contract become difficult.
education China Exam-oriented Education For example: In China, Parents usually prepare everything for us what we should do is to accept without any doubt which means respect . Chinese education focuses on the knowledgeto accumulate and indoctrinate, on how students use and manage the knowledge they learned in school , and on how to understand the knowledge system and structure. Test, score, parents America Quality-oriented Education For example: In the US, children are more independent . They know what to be at an early age, and plan carefully to achieve the goals. American care more about how students use knowledge in society. It lets student challenge the knowledge, animadvert ideas, and focus on, exploit or create knowledge. Interest, pursuit Teachers play roles as senior life counselor not a strict controller. Teachers are no longer authority, meanwhile students don't have to carry out every instruction from their teachers, most of them have their own thoughts, they may pose questions and challenges to teachers Education style Different focus On Learning In china, the relationship between teachers and students can be quite The relation formal . between We are taught since the first day when teachers and we go to the kindergarten that we students should sit up straight and obey all the disciplines . in class we seldom challenge the teacher’s ideas . University Chinese students will shoulder more In America, it is easy to enter college entrance examination stress from many aspects including parents and society, and they will spend much time to study in order to pass the university entrance exam. In China，the university student still think that it will be good if they pass the university but difficult to graduate, and in China , on the contrary . However American students deems that passing the exam is only the beginning of their study. Customs: The Marriage Custom
In our China the bride and bridegroom would in red because we believe the red color represents lucky and the wedding would be host in the bridegroom’s house.
In Western the bride always in her white wedding gown and their wedding will be host in a church
People’s association to animals are different.
“Dog”in Chinese is always a negative word, such as “狗崽子”“丧家犬”、“狗胆包天”，etc. . Nevertheless, dogs are people’s pets in western countries and there is no negative meaning. Such as: “Love me, love my dog. “top dog”、“lucky dog”“To help a lame dog over a stile.
龙：褒：祥瑞 龙子、龙孙、龙王、龙宫 英语中：贬：凶猛的怪兽 “the old Dragon (魔王 ) ” 、 “That old woman’ s a real dragon (那老妇人确实是个凶恶 的家伙 ) ” 牛 褒：九牛一毛 ,气壮如牛 ,风马牛不相及 ,俯首甘为孺子牛 英语：贬：粗鲁、 愚笨、 行为莽撞之意。如“a bull in a china shop (闯进瓷器店的公牛 ,意为动辄闯祸的人 ) ” 。 鼠 贬：胆小 胆小如鼠 英：褒：安静 as quiet as a mouse (安静如鼠 ) 鱼 与“余 ” 谐音 ,“鱼 ” 象征着“结余、 有余 ” ,如“年年有鱼 (余 ) ” 。 英：“a person of the stated kind (家伙 ,人 ) ”“a big fish (大人物 ) ” 、 “a cold fish (冷漠的 人 ) ”“ an odd/queer fish (怪人 ) ” 、“a poor fish (倒 霉的人 ) ”“ to drink like a fish (牛饮 ) ” 、 “neither fish nor fowl(不伦不类 ) ” “as mute as a fish (默不作 声 ) ” 3. language difference p11
1.Text style（散文文体，新闻文体等学过的几个） ? Jounalism translation:Features: ? ABC priciple ? accuracy ? brevity ? clarity
P161
Prose style clear natural, , and sentence length aredifferent, To give things spirit and have multi-purpose rhetorical metaphor, in particular.emphasizes the beauty of music.
散文文风清晰自然，优美洗练，句式长短相间，随物赋形，多用修辞特别是比喻，强调音乐美。