诗歌三美：音韵美形式美意象美 Beautiful rhyme aesthetic imagery
广告：P208
1. New words concise, has a tendency to modify rendering. 2. The multi-purpose use less in master-slave structure
3. The frequent use of interrogative sentences and imperative sentence 4. Using elliptical sentence 5. Rhetoric is rich and colorful
1.用词新颖凝练，有修饰渲染倾向。 2.多用并列句少用主从结构 3.频繁使用疑问句和祈使句 4.使用省略句
5.修辞手法丰富多彩
2.Language differences（平时要求每个组做的PPT的题目，如中英语言结构对比）
Contrast between Chinese and English
? Subject—prominent vs Topic—prominent
在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言。 In the sentence structure, Chinese do not consider the subject as a necessary ingredient. Chinese is a language topic (topic - the prominent) significantly.
? Hypotaxis vs Parataxis
ENGLISH:Frequent and systematic use of inflected forms and conjunctions to express grammatical relationships.
CHINESE:relatively frequent use of function words,auxiliary verbs,and changes in words order to express syntactic relation,rather than inflected forms.Emphasis on logical and chronic relation.
? Tree vs Bamboo
英语的词组与词组、句子与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联系必须交代得十分清楚。英语的关系词（包括介词、关系代词、关系副词、连接词等）十分丰富，英语正是靠这些关系词的过渡和连接，从形态上来维系句内和句间的各种关系的。因此英语句子结构呈树状，往往有一主干（复合句中的主句或简单句中的某主要成分），主干上枝蔓横生：句子成分随时可加以修饰，而修饰语中的某成分又可被别的成分修饰。由此往往形成长句。
汉语句子结构呈竹节状，逐节（短语或小句）展开。汉语的句子可以在同一施事或主题语之下按逻辑顺序铺陈，虽然小句间有逗号隔开，但语句的联系仍是紧密的。
English phrases and phrases, sentences and sentences structure relations and the logic relation between must be stated very clear. The relationship between English words (including prepositions, pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions, etc.) is very rich, English is on the transition of the relationship between word and connection, up from form to sustain the various relationships between sentence and sentence. English sentence structure is a tree, therefore, often have a trunk (main clause in complex sentence or a major component of the simple sentence), the trunk tendrils that parts of the sentence can be modified at any time, and a component of modifiers can be other components. Thus tend to form long sentences.
Chinese sentence structure are bamboo-like, by section (phrase or clause). Chinese sentences can be in the same illocutionary or topic in logical order under the creeping, although there are commas between small clause, the statement of contact is still tight. ? Statics vs Dynamics
English (predicate verbs, or by other means means the action of natural tendency; And Chinese is a kind of verbs of inherent habits.
English can only use a qualified type verbs in each sentence (Finite verb), forms the only exception is a compound predicate verb. A large number of the original should use the verb to express the concept of in addition to express in the predicate verb, must use nouns, adjectives, adverbs, interfaces and state said the weak form of the verb (be, have and become, feel the get, grow, go,, do, etc.) and falsified verb (have a look, take a walk, pay a visit, do shopping, etc.) to represent the action meaning. This kind of use not only reduces the frequency of verb, and weaken the meaning expressed by the verb, the verb falsified and weakening, this makes the English expression of \
英语有一种少用(谓语)动词、或用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。
英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(Finite verb)，唯一例外形式是并列句动词谓语。大量原来应该用动词表达的概念除了用非谓语动词表达外，必须借助于名词、介、形容词、副词以及表示状态的弱式动词（be, have, become, feel, get, grow, go, come ,do 等）和虚化动词（have a look, take a walk, pay a visit, do shopping等）来表示动作意义。这种使用不仅降低了动词出现的频率，而且削弱了动词所表达的意义，产生了动词的虚化和弱化，这就使得英语的表达呈现“静态”倾向。
(including the svo phrase, the main predicate verb in Chinese group, etc.) everywhere, not only do the predicate, can also do the subject.
One of the few Chinese prepositions, mostly has evolved from the ancient Chinese verbs, some also has the general characteristics of verbs, and belong to two categories, prepositions and verbs, so some grammarians called them \
汉语中的动词（包括动宾词组、主谓词组等）无处不在，不仅做谓语，也可以做主语. 汉语为数不多的介词，大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的，有些还具备动词的一般特点，兼属于介词和动词两类，因此有些语法学家称它们为“半动词”、“副动词”.
Passive vs Active
Englishoften choose not action or inanimate words as the subject, as a result of these \sentences in English, don't have to emphasize the action to perform, it is placed in the end by by connection; Don't have to be clear, don't want to, or inconvenience action of visitors, just omit them.
Chinese said that the subject is often can execute actions or living objects, mostly in the form of active sentences.
英语重物称，常常选择不能施行动作或无生命的词语作主语，由于这些“无灵”物称充当主语，使得被动句大兴其道。在英语被动句里，不必强调动作的施行者，就将其置于句尾由by连接；不必、不愿或不便言明动作的施行者，就干脆将其省略。
汉语重人称，主语常常是能施行动作或有生命的物体，大都以主动句的形式出现。
Contrast between Chinese and English
? Subject—prominent vs Topic--prominent
在句子构造中，汉语并不把主语看成必要的成分。汉语是主题显著(topic-prominent)的语言。 ? Hypotaxis vs Parataxis
英语重形合是指英语语言符号之间有较强的逻辑关系；汉语重意合是指汉语句子主要通过字词的意义连结起来。
英语句法结构重形合，句中各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语，以表示其结构关系。 汉语句法结构重意合，句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词语。
? Tree vs Bamboo
英语的词组与词组、句子与句子之间结构关系和逻辑联系必须交代得十分清楚。英语的关系词（包括介词、关系代词、关系副词、连接词等）十分丰富，英语正是靠这些关系词的过渡和连接，从形态上来维系句内和句间的各种关系的。因此英语句子结构呈树状，往往有一主干（复合句中的主句或简单句中的某主要成分），主干上枝蔓横生：句子成分随时可加以修饰，而修饰语中的某成分又可被别的成分修饰。由此往往形成长句。
汉语句子结构呈竹节状，逐节（短语或小句）展开。汉语的句子可以在同一施事或主题语之下按逻辑顺序铺陈，虽然小句间有逗号隔开，但语句的联系仍是紧密的。 ? Statics vs Dynamics静态与动态
英语有一种少用(谓语)动词、或用其他手段表示动作意义的自然倾向;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。
英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(Finite verb)，唯一例外形式是并列句动词谓语。大量原来应该用动词表达的概念除了用非谓语动词表达外，必须借助于名词、介、形容词、副词以及表示状态的弱式动词（be, have, become, feel, get, grow, go, come ,do 等）和虚化动词（have a look, take a walk, pay a visit, do shopping等）来表示动作意义。这种使用不仅降低了动词出现的频率，而且削弱了动词所表达的意义，产生了动词的虚化和弱化，这就使得英语的表达呈现“静态”倾向。
而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”，如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”，以及紧缩句，如“我们下雨也去”,有的句子几乎全句都是动词,如“打得赢就打,打不赢就走,
不怕没办法”。 汉语中的动词（包括动宾词组、主谓词组等）无处不在，不仅做谓语，也可以做主语，如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”；做宾语，如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”；做定语，如“讨论的问题很重要”；做状语，如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语，如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。
汉语为数不多的介词，大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的，有些还具备动词的一般特点，兼属于介词和动词两类，因此有些语法学家称它们为“半动词”、“副动词”，“汉语中的绝大多数的‘介词’，应该划归动词的范畴，只是入句时，表现了相当于英语介词的作用”,如“他在家”中的“在”为动词,而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。
? Passive vs Active
英语重物称，常常选择不能施行动作或无生命的词语作主语，由于这些“无灵”物称充当主语，使得被动句大兴其道。在英语被动句里，不必强调动作的施行者，就将其置于句尾由by连接；不必、不愿或不便言明动作的施行者，就干脆将其省略。
汉语重人称，主语常常是能施行动作或有生命的物体，大都以主动句的形式出现。
4. style
Style is the essential characteristic of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer’s personality and his emotions at the moment, and no single paragraph can be put together without revealing in some degree the nature of its author. Features of jounalistic writing ? ABC priciple ? accuracy ? brevity ? clarity
5. 不同文体的语言特点和翻译原则 散文：p161diversity flexibility grace 诗歌:p166 grace 广告 : p206 brief
新闻:p250.及时性，真实性,准确性
第三题 词汇翻译：
back：回来、支持、背脊
popular：受欢迎、大众化、一般、通俗
regular：一般、固定、定期、常常、均匀、正规、普通
delicate：娇嫩的、精致的、娇生惯养、奢侈的、虚弱的、容易吃坏的、容易碰碎的、微妙的、讲不大清楚的、难做的、对...有鉴赏力、灵敏的、生花妙笔、美味的
flattering：奉承的，谄媚的 flattered：有胆量的，勇敢的 fidgety：不安的，烦躁的
restless：焦躁不安、不安宁的、得不到满足的 as luck would have it：碰巧 真幸运 explosion：爆发，激增
ambitious：野心勃勃的、有雄心的、炫耀的
acquaintance：相识的人、熟人、对...有了解、知识心得 operation：操作、经营、手术、运算、作用 difficulty：困难、麻烦、异议、争论、拮据 kindness：仁慈、善行、友好的行为
fortune：命运、富有、幸运、给予财富、偶然发生
token：象征、记号；作为对某事的保证的、象征性的；预兆着 success：成功、成就、好结果、成功的人 construction：建筑物、建造、解释
suggestion：建议、意见、暗示、联想、启发
第四题 PPT原题
I had scarcely got into bed when a strain of music seemed to break forth in the air just below the window. I listened, and found it proceeded from a band, which I concluded to be the waits（圣诞街头乐队） from some neighboring village. They went round the house, playing under the windows. I drew aside the curtains to hear them more distinctly.
我刚要上床睡觉，一串乐声似乎就在窗下响起。我侧耳倾听，原来是一个乐队在吹拉弹奏，一定是邻村来的圣诞乐队。他们绕着屋子走，在窗下奏乐。我拉开窗帘以便听得更清楚些。
The moonbeams fell through the upper part of the casement, partially lighting up the antiquated apartment. The sounds, as they receded, became more soft and aerial, and seemed to accord with the quiet and moonlight. I listened and listened —they became more and more tender and remote, and, as, they gradually died away, my head sunk upon the pillow, and I fell asleep. 月光透过落地窗的上部，部分地照亮了这一古旧的房屋。随着乐声渐远，声音变得更加轻柔飘渺，与四周的宁静和月光相和谐一致。我听着听着——乐声越来越弱，越遥远，逐渐地消逝。我的头落在了枕头上，安然睡去。
She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.
那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落