reflected in an equally wide deviation from the TL norms, but where such norms clash, the deviations are not easy to formulate构想出，规划；系统地阐述，确切地表达, and the translator has to show a certain tension between the writer's manner and the 强迫，强制；冲动，欲望compulsions of the target language. Thus when the writer uses long complex sentences in a language where the sentence in a %usually complex and longer than in the TL, the translator may reduce the sentences somewhat, compromising between the norms of the two languages and the writer. If in doubt, however, he should trust the writer, not the \abstractions抽象的总和. A semantic translation is concrete. Thus when faced with: 此处略去一段法语。
The translator has to cling to words, 排列，配置；组合，搭配collocations, structures, emphases（emphasis的复数）强调，重点:
\功利的，实用的 point of view is as alien and inappropriate as it possibly could be precisely to such an intense eruption爆发 of supreme rank-classifying, rank-discriminating value-judgements: here in fact feeling has reached the antithesis对立，相反；对句，对偶 of the low degree of fervour（fervor）
热情，热诚，热烈 presumed in every type of calculating深谋远虑的，精明的；算计的，攻于心计的；计算的 cleverness, every assessment of utility.\
Thus a translation is always closer to the original than any intralingual舌的，语言的 rendering or paraphrase misnamed \indispensable不可缺少的，必需的 tool for a semantician（semanticist）语义学学者，精通语义学的人 and now a philosopher. Communicative and semantic translation may well coincide同时发生；相符，一致---in particular尤其，特别, where the text conveys a general rather than a culturally (世俗的，现世的，尘世的；短暂的，暂时的temporally and 空间的，与空间有关的spatially) bound形成……的界线，限制 message有文化限制的信息 and where the matter is as important as the manner---notably then in the translation of the most important religious, philosophical, artistic and scientific texts, assuming second readers as informed and interested as the first. Further, there are often sections in one text that must be translated communicatively (e.g.non-lieu---\驳回\semantically (e.g. A quotation from a speech). There is no one communicative nor one semantic method of translating a text---these are in fact widely v.重叠，把……叠在一起；与……
部分一致n.重叠的部分overlapping 一队/伙/组/群/帮bands of methods. A translation can be more, or less, semantic---more, or less, communicative---even a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or less semantically. Thus in some passages, Q.Hoare and G. Nowell Smith (1971) state that: \更可取的，更好的，更合意的 to choose fidelity忠诚，忠实；精确 over good English, despite its awkwardness, in view of鉴于，考虑到 the importance of some concepts in Gramsci's work.\in analytical or cognitive translation which is built up both proposition观点，见解，主张；提议，建议；定理，命题 by proposition and word by word, denoting表示，是……的标志，意味着；指的是，意思是 the empirical factual事实的，真实的，确凿的 knowledge of the text, but finally respecting the convention习俗，惯例；公约，协议；会议，大会 of the target language provide that the thought-content of the text has been reproduced. The translation emerges in such a way that the exact meaning or function of the words only become apparent as they are used. The translator may have to make interim暂时的，临时的；间歇的，过渡期间的 decisions without being able at the time to visualize the relation of the words with the end product. Communicative and semantic translation bifurcate分成两支，分
叉 at a later stage of analytical or cognitive translation which is a 在前，先于，预先pre-translation procedure which may be performed on the source-language text to convert it into the source or the target language---the reluctant versions will be closer to each other than the original text and the final translation.
In principle, cognitive translation 使互换位置transposes the SL text grammatically to plain \活的，有生命的；有活力的，有生气的 subject+verb+non-animate object\条款；从句，分句clauses, or, in the extended version, to sequences of: \直接宾语) to or for someone (indirect object) with something (instrumental) somewhere (locative表示位置的) \(temporal) to make something (resultant作为结果的，因而发生的)\relationships with another agent/object (possessive占有欲强的，不愿与人分享的；表示所属关系的词, equative同义词, dependency属国，属地；依赖性, source, partitive表示部分的（e.g. some,any), genitive属格，所有格, characteristic, etc.)---(relationships often covered or concealed by the English preposition介词 \Thus the grammatical meaning of the SL text becomes explicit.
Further, cognitive translation splits up断绝关系，离婚；裂开，分裂 the word-class a.同其他事物演变的；非独创的n.衍生词，派生词derivatives, i.e. 副词adverbs
(=preposition+adjective+noun), adjectival形容词的 nouns (e.g. \限制的，限定的 prefix-verb-nouns (e.g. \
noun-adjective-verb-nouns (e.g. \their 组成部分，成分，零部件components and 详细解说explicates the relations of all multiple同许多部分组成的，复合的，多样的，多重的 noun compounds (e.g. \数据采集 control system\data). Further, it replaces figurative比喻的，借喻的 and colloquial口语的，会话的 language, idioms and 成语的，词语的phrasal verbs短语动词 with 表示的，指示的denotative terms; clears up清理；澄清；放晴；解决 lexical and grammatical ambiguities模棱两可，含糊不清; 加入（额外的事），窜改；插入（话、文字）interpolates relevant encyclopedic广博的，知识渊博的；百科全书的 information for ecological生态的，生态学的, cultural and institutional制度的；学会的，协会的 terms; replaces 代词pronouns with nouns and identifies referential参考的，参照的；指示的 synonyms参照代名词; reduces cultural terms to their functional definitions;