is writing for the general reader, he may be able to achieve his purpose by 抄写；（从速记、录音等）转译（成普通文字）transcribing the appropriate new SL terms unlikely to be familiar to his reader and adding their approximate cultural equivalents (e.g. Fachhochschule or \理工学院\the terms are not likely to recur再发生，复发；重现, he may decide not to transcribe them. If the text is specialized专门的，专业的, the translator may wish to give his reader all possible information, including the transcription抄/誉写/本, the cultural equivalent, the encyclopaedic definition within the source culture and the literal translation of any new term on the first occasion of its use. He may even propose a \i.e. a word used in a new sense, provided假如，若是 he states that he is doing so, and he believes the object or concept is likely to recur in the TL usage. (Thus Volksrat, second chamber, regional assembly in GDR, cf. Bundesrat in FRG, people's Council, National Council.) Or again, if \dangerous\explained in the TL with SL illustrations. All that is lost is vividness. Finally, whilst ambiguity, polysemy一词多义, word-play文字游戏, etc. in literary works have to be reproduced as best they can in the TL only (in poetry and plays
it is a \无计划的；随意的，漫不经心的；不论成功与否 \散文小说 there is room for brief expansion), such facts of language when discussed in non-literary works (e.g. on language, criticism, psychology) must be fully reproduced in the SL and explained in the TL. This has been superbly done by James Strachey in his translation of Freud's Jokes and their Relation to the Unconsciousness (1975) (his introduction contains valuable comments). The book had been previously translated by A. A. Brill as Wit and Its Relation to the Unconscious and many examples of word-play replaced by analogous相似的，类似的 English \假的，伪造的 procedure, since the translator gave no evidence of any patient ever having made such 小错误，小疏忽word-slips or puns in English.
In the following passage on therapeutic治疗的 methods in rheumatology风湿病学, \此处略一段法文\give the two or more English equivalents, possibly \kinesitherapy活跃的运动疗法\治疗的，矫正的，改善的 exercises矫正体操\French the following three terms are used\cases the normal flow of communicative translation is
interrupted for his own readers by the translator's 光泽，色泽；
注解，评注glosses, which are a combination of transcription and semantic translation.
Legal documents also require a special type of translation, basically because the translator is more restricted than in any other form. Every word has to be rendered, differences in terminology术语，术语学 and function noted, and as much attention paid to the content as to the intention and all possible interpretations and misinterpretations of the text---all legal texts法律文本 are definitions, Adorno noted---thus the semantic aspect; nevertheless, the standard format, syntax, 古语风格，古文体裁；拟古主义archaisms, as well as the formal register of the TL, must be respected in dealing with documents that are to be concurrently同时发生地，并存地；共同地，一起地 valid in the TL community (EEC law, contracts, international agreements, patents)---hence the communicative aspect. Legal documents translated for information purposes only (foreign laws, wills, conveyancing转让) have to be semantically translated.
A semantic translation attempts recreate the precise flavour and tone of the original: the words are \神圣不可侵犯的\not because they are more important than the content, but because form and content are one. The thought-processes in the
words are as significant as the intention behind the words in a communicative translation. Thus a semantic translation is out of time and local space局部空间 (but has to be done again every generation, if still \ephemeral朝生暮死的，生命短暂的 and rooted in植根于 its context. A semantic translation attempts to preserve its author's idiolect个人言语特点，个人习语, his peculiar form of expression, in preference to优先于 the \the target language. It relates to buhler's \language, where communicative translation responds to the representational表现派的；有关代议制度的 (Darstellung) and vocative呼格的 (Appell) functions. In semantic translation, every word translated represents some loss of meaning (e.g. The loss of sound and rhythm in the word-for-word translation of the De Gaulle speech previously quoted), where in communicative translation the same words similarly translated lose no meaning at all. The syntax in semantic translation which gives the text its stresses and rhythm---the \前景化\布拉格 School calls it---is as sacred as the words, being basically subject only to the standard 调换，换位transpositions (Vinay and Darbelnet) or shifts (Catford) from one language to another. There is a constant temptation, which should be resisted,
to transcribe抄写，誉写；改译 the terms for key-concepts关键概念 or theme words主题关键词.
The closer the cultural overlap重叠（的部分） between the two languages---this overlap being more important than the structural affinity密切关系；类同，相似；喜好 or the geographical propinquity接近，临近；类似，近似 of the two languages, but the translator's empathy同感，共鸣；移情 being the most important factor of all---the closer, therefore better, the translation is likely to be. This applies particularly to legal and administrative texts行政法规, where the names of 建立，设立，制定；社会公共/福利机构；制度；习俗institutions peculiar to one national community社区，社会；团体，界 are frequently not translated, unless they are also important in the TL's culture or are 透明的；简明的，易懂的；显而易见的transparently translatable, whilst the names of institutions with easily identifiable TL cultural equivalents form part of each language's readily \可转换的，可兑换的，可改变的\however, the \is to make the reader think, feel and/or act. There should be no loss of meaning, and the aim, which is often realized, is to make the translation more effective as well as more elegant than the