June 1940 broadcast is unacceptable: 一段法文略
\more than the fact that we were 在数量上超过outnumbered, that forced our armies to retreat. It was the German tanks, planes and tactics that provided the element of surprise which brought our leaders to their present plight. Suggested version:
\不止，不只 their numbers, it was the tanks, the planes and the tactics of the Germans that caused us to retreat. It was the tanks, the planes and the tactics of the Germans that took our leaders by surprise and thus brought them to the state they are in today.\一段法文略
\isolated.\Suggested version:
For France is not alone! She is not alone! She is not alone! In these and other passages, Spears has attempted to modify the starkness严厉，严酷；毫无掩饰，质朴无华；明显，突出, simplicity and rawness of De Gaulle's speech. (As a
communicative translation of a narrative叙述，讲述；叙事体，
记叙文, Spears's first paragraph is valid, but the translation of quotations, however unimportant, is normally semantic rather than communicative, since the translator is not responsible for their effect on the second reader.
Autobiography, private correspondence, any personal effusion流出，溢出；强烈的情感流露，吐露 requires semantic treatment, since the \important than its effect on the reader.
One would normally expect to translate serious literature严肃文学 (high art高雅艺术) semantically, but one has to bear in mind that all art is to a greater or lesser extent allegorical寓言的，寓意的, figurative, metaphorical and a parable寓言, and therefore has a communicative purpose. Figurative language only becomes meaningful if it is recreated n the metaphors of the target language and it culture, or, if this is not possible, reduced to its sense. In the case of minor literature非主流文学；小文学 that 紧密结合is closely bound to一定，必然 its period and its culture (short stories in particular), semantic translation will attempt to preserve its local flavour---dialect, slang and cultural terms (mots-temoins) will present their own problems. In the case of works with universal themes (e.g. love lyrics) and a background that is similar for SL and TL (say, in
ecology生态，生态学 and living conditions), there is no reason why a basically semantic translation should not also be strongly communicative. Bible translation should be both semantic and communicative, although the \1970) for \文献学的，语言学的\相对于，和……相反 \凭灵感的；鼓舞人心的\translation has for long moved away from studies which regarded the text as inspired有创见的，有灵感的 and untouchable达不到的；不可触摸的. Nida has shown in his many books that the TL reader can only accept the geographical and historical remoteness of the cultural background being presented to him, if that behaviour itself and all imagery connected with it is recast改写，重写；改换角色的分配，改变演员阵容 in his own (modern) culture. In fact, as the myths recede退去，渐渐远去；向后倾斜，缩进；变淡，变模糊，变渺茫；收回，撤回 and less knowledge can be expected from modern man, each new translation of the Bible becomes more communicative, with the omission遗漏，省略，删除；疏忽，失职 of technical terms专业术语, dialect and slang, and directed at increasing numbers of less-well-read people. Again, the immediate communicative importance of drama is usually greater than that of poetry or of serious fiction, and for this
reason adaptations (where characters and milieu（个人所处的）社会环境，出身背景 are transferred) are sometimes made, whilst they are almost unknown in the novel. However, in the most concentrated集中的，全神贯注的 drama (Skakespeare, Chekhov) the essence of which is that words are 塞满，充满，挤满packed or 使充满charged with meaning, semantic takes precedence在前，优先 over communicative equivalence, since the translator assumes that the dramatist has made use of his inventive resources to give his language communicative potential; it is now the translator's task to extract取出，提取；获得；摘录 the utmost semantic equivalence from the original. Again, where the medium (i.e. The form) is as important as the message, and the peoples of the two language cultures can normally say the same thing using different words, the two elements fuse导火线/索；保险丝.
It is not always possible to state which is the better method to use for a particular text. In a mainly informative text, the section containing recommendations, instructions, value-judgements, etc. May be translated more communicatively than the descriptive passages. Where language is used to accompany action or as its symbol (speech-acts言语行为), it is treated communicatively, whilst definitions, explanations, etc. are
semantic. \communicatively, whether a standardized equivalent exists or not, even if it appears in a novel or a quotation, unless the term is used descriptively rather than 实施中的，使用中的；有效的，生效的；可操作的，运行着的operatively in the original text. Normally in communicative translation it is assumed that the readers of the translation identify with认同 those of the original. However, this is unlikely when elements of the source language culture or of the source language itself are discussed in the text. Nevertheless, \where the subject matter题材 is of general interest. Where, say, an institution公共机构，制度，习俗；设立，制定 of the SL community社区，团体 is being described, a special meaning of a SL word is used or the double meaning of a homophone同音异义词，同音异形词 or homonym（同形）同音异义词 is being exploited, the translator, if he thinks the point sufficiently important, has to render the author's message communicatively and also address himself independently to the TL reader; in short, he has to \双关语 as well as explain it. He has to assess (a) the extent of his reader's knowledge of and interest in the relevant aspect of the source language or culture, (b) the text's level of specialism专门研究，专攻；专长；专业化. If he