Passage 9 Two types of compasses are used at sea, namely the gyrocompass and the magnetic compass. The gyrocompass is electrically driven and indicates the direction of the geographical or true north pole of the earth. When a gyrocompass has been started, some time must be allowed for it to settle down, and a ship?s gyrocompass should be started some hours before it is to be used. A gyrocompass may function correctly, but at the same time register a small, constant error known as gyro error. If the gyrocompass indicates a direction which is numerically larger than the true direction, the error is described as high, and conversely a numerically smaller reading is described as low. Passage 10 Major coast radio stations all over the world transmit, at regular intervals and in code, weather information for ships within range. Weather information consists of ten parts, of which ships usually make use of three, that is, warning, synoptic situation and forecast. With weather information, mariners are able to keep away from disastrous weather at sea and reduce the danger a great deal. As terrible weather is predicted, ships can take precautions before hand, by delaying the voyage or seeking shelter in a safe place. If there is a high sea or long swell, they can take some measures to safeguard the cargo and the ship. Passage 11 When the vessel approaches her designated berth at minimum steerageway, the approach to the quay is made at the smallest possible angle. With a heaving line the hawser is pulled from the vessel onto the embankment by line-handlers. The spring is fastened to a bollard, and while the engine is on half astern, the warping drum picks up the slack. To prevent the line from being fouled, the hawser or spring is led through the fairlead. The ship is then maneuvered along the embankment and fastened to bollards by headlines, stern lines, breast lines and springs. When leaving berth, casting off orders, engine room orders and helm orders are given by the pilot or the master. After having started the engines, the first order is “Standing by for letting go!”. When a line is cast off, the first order must always be “Slack away”, so that it will become possible to handle the hawser. The next casting off order will then be: “Heave away”, which means that the line can be pulled aboard. The sequence of casting off orders that can then be given depends on how the vessel has been berthed, and on the prevailing weather
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[?????????] vt. 预测, 预报; piracy [?????????] n.海盗行为; era [?????] n.时代; swashbuckling [???????????] adj.恃强凌弱的; pirate [????????] n.海盗; laden with载满; myth [???] n.神话,虚构的故事; bureau[????????] n.<美>局, 办公署; consequently [????????????] adv.从而, 因此; exerted [?????????] 外露的 geographical [?????????????] adj. 地理的； register [?????????] vt.记录, 登记； conversely [??????????] adv.倒地,逆地 synoptic situation [?????????] 大势报告； condition and currents. Passage 12 One of the most important responsibilities of the first mate is to make sure that cargo will be properly loaded and stowed. Whether bulk cargo, general cargo, heavy cargo, containerized cargoes or refrigerated perishable cargo are carried, care must always be taken to ensure that a cargo will not in any way affect the vessel?s stability and jeopardize vessel, cargo and crew. Therefore a stowage plan must be made up before the loading of the cargo commences. Stevedoring (loading and discharging of cargo) must be done according to this stowage plan by a shore gang. A shore gang usually consists of a foreman and stevedores (longshoreman, as they are called in America), hatchway men, winch men, and a tally clerk. Passage 13 There are five common kinds of injury on vessels. Seafarers sometimes break their arms and legs when they slip or fall. These accidents happen when they don?t wear safety boots or when decks are wet and oily. Seafarers also fall when ladders are not secure. To prevent broken arms and legs, it is important to wear safety boots. Seafarers sometimes strain their backs when they lift heavy objects. Back strain usually happens when seafarers lift objects alone or when they don?t use lifting equipment properly. To prevent back strain, it is important to lift properly. Seafarers sometimes suffer from burns when there is a fire, explosion or chemical spill. Seafarers need to be careful when they smoke or when they work with chemicals. To prevent burns, it is important to obey “No Smoking” signs and to handle chemical cargo safely. Seafarers sometimes suffer from cuts. They often cut their fingers when they are careless with sharp machinery. To prevent cuts, it is important to use safety guards and wear gloves. Seafarers sometimes injure their eyes when they work with machinery. Dust, sparks, and chemicals are very dangerous when they enter the eye. To prevent eye injuries, it is important to wear protective goggles. Passage 14 The vessel was at anchor overnight while we were waiting for permission to enter the port. Two officers of watch were patrolling the deck but they did not notice anything unusual. They did not realize that while they were on watch, two stowaways were hiding in the lifeboat. One man escaped by jumping overboard while the other climbed down a rope ladder. Later, I received a phone call from the Coastguard at the port.
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mariner [???????] n.航海人员； disastrous [??????????] adj.具有灾难性的； predict [????????] v.预知, 预言, 预报； designated指定的； steerage [?????????] n. 操纵, 驾驶； quay[ki:] n.码头； embankment [??????????] n.堤防, 筑堤； warping drum 绞缆筒； sequence [?????????] n.次序, 顺序, 序列; perishable cargo 鲜货, 易腐货品; jeopardize [??????????]v.危害; commence [???????] v.开始, 着手; hatchway [????????] He said that two men from my vessel were swimming towards the shore. He called the police and ordered a rescue boat to pick up the men. When the rescue boat went out, it picked up only one person. The other was nowhere to be seen. As yet, I have no further information about the two stowaways. The vessel will remain in port until port Authorities have searched the vessel and given clearance to depart. I am awaiting instruction from the immigration authorities about the procedure for repatriating the stowaway who is in police custody at present. The police are still searching for the missing stowaways. Passage 15 The echo sounder sends a radio signal from the bottom of the ship to the seabed, from which it is reflected. The time taken to receive the reflected signal is a measure of the depth of water under the ship. The received pulse is displayed on a chart by a pen recorder so that the navigator can see the outline of the bottom over which the vessel is passing. A similar device is the sonar system, which uses high frequency sound signals. In sonar the sound signal can be sent ahead or sideways. The time for the echo to be sent back from an object, such as an underwater rock, is a measure of the object?s distance from the ship. The sonar system can also be used to measure the speed of the ship over the seabed. Passage 16 The officer on watch (OOW) should ensure that the SOLAS requirements for the operation and testing of the steering gear are observed. Steering control of the ship will comprise manual steering, probably supplemented by an autopilot. At each steering position there should be a gyro repeater and rudder angle indicator and emergency back-up steering position, usually in the steering gear flat, is also required. If an autopilot is fitted, a steering mode selector switch for changing between automatic and manual steering, and a manual override control to allow the OOW to gain instant manual control of the steering, will be required. When operating an autopilot, the course to steer will need to be manually set on the autopilot and the autopilot will steer the course until a new course is entered. Passage 17 A typical weather report normally include three parts: warning, synoptic situation and forecast. Gale warnings are usually issued when winds of at least force 8 or gusts reaching 43 knots are expected. Gale warnings remain in force until amended or
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n.舱口; tally clerk n.理货员; slip [slip] vi. 滑倒, 失足; boots [bu:ts] n.靴子； strain [strein] vt.扭伤, 损伤; glove [????] n.手套; protective goggles 护目镜； overnight[??????????] adj.通宵的, 晚上的； patrol [????????] v.出巡, 巡逻； stowaway [??????????] n.偷渡者 repatriate [???????????]v.遣返; custody [????????] n.监管； canceled. However, if the gale persists for more than 24 hours after the time of origin, the warning will be re-issued. The term “severe gale” implies a mean wind of at least force 9 or gusts reaching 52 knots. Storm warnings are usually issued when winds of force 10 or gusts reaching 61 knots are expected. The term “imminent” implies within 6 hours of the time issue, “soon” implies between 6 and 12 hours, and “later” implies more than 12 hours. Hurricane warnings are issued in some parts of the world when winds of force 12 or above are expected. Passage 18 Admiralty Notice to Mariners, weekly editions, contains information which enables the mariners to keep his charts and books published by the hydrographic department up-to-date for the latest reports received. In addition to all Admiralty Notices, they include all Australian and New Zealand chart correcting Notices, the selected temporary and preliminary ones. Copies of all Australian and New Zealand Notices can be obtained from Australian or New Zealand chart agents. The Notices are published in weekly editions, and are issued by the hydrographic department on a daily basis to certain Admiralty chart agents. Weekly editions can be obtained gratis, or dispatched regularly by surface or airmail from Admiralty chart agents. Ports and authorities who maintain copies of Admiralty Notices to Mariners for consultation are listed on Annual Summary of Admiralty Notices to Mariners. Passage 19 The master is the direct representative of the company. Decisions and actions taken by the master in his capacity are usually binding upon the company, and therefore the master must act to ensure that company?s interests are protected. The master has supreme command of the vessel and full authority under the law over all phases of vessel operations at all times. This authority under the law extends over all persons on board. The master is at all times responsible for the seaworthiness and safety of the ship and for the safety of all personnel, cargo and equipment aboard. The master is responsible for the management of the certificates and documents related the vessel. The master is ultimately responsible for the safe handling and control of cargo during loading, transport and discharge.
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sonar [???????] n.声纳, 声波定位仪 frequency [??????????] n.频率, 周率 sideways [?????????] adv.向一旁, 向侧面地 comprise [?????????]v.包含； supplement [??????????] v.补充; gyro repeater 分罗经 rudder angle indicator 舵角指示器； autopilot [??????????] n. 自动驾驶仪 gale warning 大风警报; gust [????]n.阵风; amend [??????] v.修正, 改进, 改正; imminent Passage 20 Upon joining a vessel, the third officer must report to the [????????] master. The third officer must discuss with the officer being adj.即将来临的, 逼relieved that areas of the third officer?s responsibility, and 近的; inspect them promptly, preferably in the company of the officer hurricane warning being relieved. Anything found to be unsatisfactory must be 飓风警报 reported to the master. The third officer is responsible to the [????????] master for the proper performance of his assigned bridge watchstanding and navigational duties. The third officer is responsible to the master through the first officer for watch duties pertaining to fire-fighting appliances and life-saving appliances and maintenance. The third officer is responsible for Admiralty Notice to the care of the ship?s signaling equipment. The third officer is Mariners responsible to the master for maintaining and accounting for all [??????????] training publications and training aids, including the movie 英版航海通告； projector, films, and other audio-visual equipment. hydrographic [??????????Passage 21 So many lives are lost every year due to accidents involving ????]adj.与水道测towing and mooring ropes . 量有关的; Please spare a few minutes to read this. It may save your life. temporary A. Always wear a safety helmet when on the deck of a [??????????] tug, lighter or barge engaged in mooring , cargo or adj.暂时的, 临时的; towing operations. preliminary B. Always wear shoes（not slippers）when working on deck. [??????????C. Never stand underneath an object being hoisted on ?] deck. adj.预备的, 初步的; D. Never stand within a bight of a rope. gratis E. Never stand close to mooring or towing ropes under [????????] strain . if they break, the backlash can be fatal. adj.免费的; F. Hoisting or lowering operations should always be annual summary carried out with a person at the controls. Failure to do so 年度总结 may cost you a limb or even your life. G. Shackles and thimbles should never go through roller representative fairleads.The ropes may jump off and cause injuries.All [??????????ropes and wires should be inspected regularly, and ????] renewed for wear and tear whenever necessary. n.代表; H. Always wear a lifejacket when working or walking on capacity the deck of a barge or lighter during rough seas, rain or [?????????] whenever the deck is wet. You may slip and fall into the water. n. 才能, 能力; supreme [??????????] Passage22 Maritime communication comprises communications between adj. 极大的, 最高vessels and coast-stations, intership communication and 的; intraship communication (internal communication when the phase [feiz] n.阶段 ; vessel is before casting off, leaving berth, loading or ultimately
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