?
生產與成本分析
(一)互為表裡的生產與成本函數
生產函數 Q=f(K,L,…)
成本函數 C=C(w,r) | Q=Q°
1.何謂短期與長期生產函數
Q=f(α,βi)
Q=f(αi)
Q=g(αi)
2.短期的生產函數
(1)生產函數-- Q=f(K，L)
生產函數是指存在新生產過程中投入與產出間的技術關係。
生產力--某生產要素的生產力是指在其他生產要素維持不變時
，該要素的產出量。
(2)報酬遞減法則--在短期中的固定要素不定時，變動要素增加，
致總產出增加，及隨後減少的現象。
(3)TP、MP & AP --總產出、邊際產出與平均產出。
3.短期與長期成本曲線
(1)固定總成本 (Total fixed cost ,TFC ) 。 即短期分析中固定
成本支出總額。在短期中為一固定數值。
(2)可變總成本 (Total variable cost ,TVC) 。 即短期分析中為
生產一定產量可變成本總額 ，此數值隨產量的變化而變化。
(3)總成本 (Total cost ,TC) 。 即短其分析中生產一定產量固定
總成本與可變總成本之和 ，即
TC=TFC+TVC
(4)平均固定成本 (Average fixed cost ,AFC ) 。 即短期中平均
每一產品單位所分攤的固定成本數額 ，亦即固定總成本與生
產量之商數，即
AFC=TFC/Q
(5)平均可變成本 (Average variable cost ,AVC ) 。 即短期中平
均每一產品單位所分攤的可變成本數額 ， 亦即可變總成本與
生產量之商數，即
AVC=TVC/Q
(6)平均單位成本或平均總成本 (Average Unit Cost, or
Average Total cost ,AC ) 。 即短期中平均每一產品單位所
分攤的固定成本與可變成本之總和 ，亦即平均固定成本與平
均可變成本之和 ，即
AC=TC/Q 或 AC=AFC+AVC
(7)邊際成本 (Marginal cost ,MC ) 。及短期中生產量每增加一
單位時，總成本所增加的數量 ，即
MCn=TCn- TCn-l或MC=d(TC)/dQ
TC AC=TC/Q MC=ΔTC/ΔQ=ΔTVC/ΔQ
TFC AFC=TFC/Q
TVC AVC=TVC/Q
TP AP=TP/Q MP=ΔTP/ΔQ
TP(=Q) = f(K,L)
TC(=C) = C(w,r) | Q=Q°
TC=TFC+TVC
AC=AFC+AVC
(二 )產能決策
1. 短期供給決策
(1)穩定單位成本的方法
a.存貨(Inventories)
The firm would maintain its output rate at a constant rate per period and run down its inventories when there is an unexpected increase in demand, rather than be forced to produce at higher levels of marginal cost. Later reductions in demand will give the firm the opportunity to rebuild its inventories to the desired levels. Thus, when demand is uncertain, a firm may choose to produce the e>q~ected value of quantity demanded in each period, adding to inventories when demand falls short of expectations and selling from inventories when demand exceeds expectations.
b.委外(外包)(Contracting Out)
If producing the output would cause the firm's MC values to rise steeply, the firm may be able to purchase the items at low cost from another firm that has excess capacity and can produce the same product at a similar quality level. Initial setup costs may be involved, if the subcontractor has imprint the firm's logo or follow the firm's special design.
c.排隊(Backlists)
This approach may only be feasible if the firm's products are unique or customized, or if the delay cause the customer minimal problems, or if all rival suppliers are similarly operating with a backlist or waiting line. It may pay the firm to offer a discount for delayed delivery rather than incur the additional cost of producing the item on demand. This discount would encourage advance orders, which would help the firm in its production planning.
(2).訂價決策、利用規劃與供給決策
when SAC>P>AVC – 繼續生產
繼續生產
TR(=P,Q) > TVC(=AVC.Q)
關廠 TR(=P,Q) < TVC(=AVC.Q)
2.長期供給曲線
SAC → LAC
包絡曲線
SMC → LMC
(1)市場需求的不確定性與產能規模選擇