大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
第二讲 遣词造句篇
本讲主要内容：句子写作的原则
英语写作的基础是句子的写作。只有写出完整的、正确的句子才是写好文章的关键所在。考生必须知道英语句子特定的组织规则，平时要注意写好每一个句子。 现在的四六级考试一般以给出主题句或中文提示的命题作文居多，如果考生能够按照题意和段落主题句写出十几个表达清晰、通顺自然、合乎语法规范的句子，可以说基本上已经完成了这篇习作的大部分。一些考生一动手就错误百出，平时学的句型用不上，想用的适当的句型来表达自己的思想却又找不到，最后只好退而求其次，以汉语思维方式、根据英语的句法结构，随思路的发展而拼凑一些似是而非、词不达意的句子。这样的文章，即使上下文连贯，也难得到及格的分数。所以平时要注意研究和掌握写好英语句子的要领，并多做练习，是十分必要的。
句子写作的原则
一． 要写完整的句子
所谓完整的句子，一是要求结构完整，二是要求意义完整，要避免残缺句和融合句。 一个完整的句子是由至少包含一个主语和一个谓语的一组词构成的。 这个句子不论长短只能有一个中心思想。因此考生在写作时应注意一定要写完整的句子而避免写一些不完整的句子。
1．避免残缺句 残缺句包括从属分句和短语，它们仅仅是句子的一部分，不能独立存在。要想使这些从属分句和短语有意义，必须把它们附属在相应的句子中，而不能另成一句。 1）误用非谓语动词的残缺句
a. Bill working as if his life depended on that theme. (x)
b. Bill had been working as if his life depended on that theme. (√)
c. Why does he call home once a week? To keep in touch with his family (x) d. He calls home once a week to keep in touch with his family. (√) 2) 独立从句的残缺句
a. After I finished my homework. (x).
b. After I finished my homework, I began to watch TV. (√)
c. There is still some likelihood of not succeeding in passing the exam. Although he tries very hard. (x) d. There is still some likelihood of not succeeding in passing the exam although he tries very hard. (√) 3).举例说明的残缺句
a.I look forward to holidays. For example, Thanksgiving and Christmas. (x). b I look forward to holidays, for example, Thanksgiving and Christmas. (√) c.I have many hobbies. Including tennis, chess, and football. (x) d.I have many hobbies, including tennis, chess, and football. (√) 4) 以who, that 和 which引起的从句残缺。
a. There are some people. Who think that one should not hesitate to say no. (x) b. There are some people, who think that one should not hesitate to say no. (√)
2． 避免错误的省略
用词精辟是写出漂亮英文句子的一个窍门，但不能随意省略一些属于固定搭配的或有助于理解句意的词。通常这些词决定着句子语法结构的完整和意义的完整，省略就会出现句子不完整的现象，影响读者理解。
1） 错误地省略部分谓语，会使句子结构失去平衡。
a. Cheerleaders always have and always will do their best to stimulate enthusiasm at the games. (x)
b. Cheerleaders always have done and always will do their best to stimulate enthusiasm at the games. (√) c. There are not sufficient brands for students to choose. (x)
d. There are not sufficient brands for students to choose from. (√)
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大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
e. The suggestion you made is more feasible than Mary made. (x)
F The suggestion you made is more feasible than the one Mary made. (√)
3.避免连写句
当两个或两个以上的独立句子被错误地用逗号隔开或根本就没有标点符号相连时， 就形成了连写句（有的也称为融合句）。改正这种句子可以用以下五种方法： 1） 中间用句号使各句子独立。
a. There are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, we should not read them.(x) b. There are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind. We should not read them. (√) 2) 如果两个句子意思联系紧密，也可用分号分开，分号后用小写字母开头。 a. The exam was postponed, the class was cancelled as well. (x) b. The exam was postponed; the class was cancelled as well. (√)
3）两个句子若同等重要，也可用并列连词and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so 等连成并列句。 a. Tom decided to stop smoking he didn’t want to die of cancer. (x) b. Tom decided to stop smoking, for he didn’t want to die of cancer. (√)
4)可根据句子内容将其中的一部分用主从连词because, when, while, since, even though, as soon as , but, while 和 if等变成从句。
a. Andy forgot the time he missed the final exam. (x)
b. Because Andy forgot the time, he missed the final exam./ Andy missed the final exam because he forgot the time. (√)
5) 根据句子内容，可以用分号再加上consequently, therefore, likewise, furthermore, nevertheless 或moreover 等连接词和逗号。
a. The item you requested is no longer available we are returning your check. (x)
b. The item you requested is no longer available; therefore, we are returning your check. (√) c. The house is too small for a family of four, it is in a bad condition. (x)
d. The house is too small for a family of four; furthermore, it is in a bad condition. (√).
二． 句子要符合规范
1） 要注意英汉两种语言的差异性。在进行英语写作时，首先要将主谓语确立下来，若有从句就要
抓住连接词，不管多么复杂的句子，只要把它们的位置固定了，其他的成分就会按关系就位，要打破原来汉语的语序。（同时也要注意一些倒装句的准确表达） 2） 句子的一致性关系
句子的标志是具有主谓结构，而主谓必须保持一致。充当谓语的动词总是无一例外地表现出人称、数、时态、语气五个特点。在写谓语动词或动词词组时要注意这五个方面应保持一致。下功夫掌握谓语动词的特点，是写好句子的基本功，它和运用英语句型一样，具有非常重要的意义。 a. Somebody hold that one should read selectively. (x) b. Somebody holds that one should read selectively. (√) c. Many students complained that the canteen service is terribly awful. (x) d. Many students complained that the canteen service was terribly awful. (√) e. The computer is reported in the newspaper to have developed since its advent. (x) f. The computer is reported in the newspaper to have been developed since its advent. (√) g. No conclusions have arrived at so far. (x) h. No conclusions have been arrived at so far. (√) i. It is high time that the government takes effective measures to protect our environment. (x) j. It is high time that the government took effective measures to protect our environment. (√)
3)主次分明，从属得当
不同的思想放在不同的结构中，表示出它们的相对的重要性。重要的思想一般放在主句中表达，
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大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
次要的思想由从句表达，或由其它修饰结构或伴随状语来表达；同等重要的思想出现在相同的语法结构中，否则会主次不分，内容混乱。
有时很难决定句中哪些部分内容更重要些。 一般结果要比原因重要，所以常放在主句中，而时间、地点、伴随状况属于次要内，应安排在从句中或做补充说明。
从属必须得当，一是要立意明确，二是要合乎逻辑，三是要中心突出，主从分明。
a. The meeting having been brought to a close, no further discussion arose. (x) (该句的因果关系不合逻
辑)
b. No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought to a close. (√)
c. The proposal being regarded as feasible, all things are considered. (x)（该句的条件和结果关系不合乎
逻辑）
d. All things considered, this proposal is regarded as feasible. (√)
e. I read in today’s newspaper about a position with your company for which I am applying. (x)
f. I am applying for the position with your company which I read about in today’s newspaper. (√) (该句要
表达的主要思想显然是I am applying for the position，而不是I read in today’s newspaper about a position，所以应将主要信息放在主句中。)
当几个分句所要表达的意思同等重要时，可以用并列关系。
e.g. I have nearly done, but on the contrary, you have only just begun.
当我们想要对一个思想给以特别强调时，就要在复合句中运用从属关系去区分两句的重要性与次要性。一般来说，从句是为主句服务的，它可以使主句所表达的思想显得突出有力。 除了以上几点，还要注意修饰语的位置，避免使用悬垂修饰语。
三． 句子要简洁明了
由于粗心，或者出于强调某一概念的目的，有时会在同一个句子里连续使用两个或几个表意相同的词或短语，从而导致句子冗长，累赘，造成句子表意上的重复。而在写作中，简洁的表达能起到更加强调的作用。通常在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用句子和短语的地方就选择短语，在能用短语和词的地方就选择词。
1） 避免使用空洞、多余的词。通常单个的词就足以表达整个空洞的短语所表达的意义，在这种情况
下，要用单个的词来代替。
a. The computer, as a new innovation, in the last century, leads to dramatic changes in people’s lives. b. The computer, as an innovation, in the last century, leads to dramatic changes in people’s lives. 2) 避免过多地使用并列句
过多地使用并列关系，即盲目地把几个主要分句都用并列连词连接在一起，会使读者感到单调乏味，也无法表示分句之间的适当关系。改正这样的句子时，可采用主从分句、修饰性短语以及同位语等。 3） 避免过多地使用从句
英语中比较重要的从属概念可用从句的形式表达，其他次要的概念常用词或短语来表达，因为句子比短语显得更重要。过多地使用从句会把次要的与主要的概念混为一谈，削弱句子重点。
e.g. He is a man who is hones, who always pays his just debts, and who observes the golden rules in his dealing with others. 该句可以改为：He is an honest man who always pays his just debts, and who observes the golden rules in his dealing with others.
四． 句子要灵活多变 在英语写作中，不要老是使用―主— 谓— 宾 ‖或―主— 系— 表 ‖结构。为了不使句子平淡无味，使读者生厌，不妨使用以下几种变换句式的方法。 1） 以 there 开始的句子来表示存在
There has been a good deal of controversy as to whether PC games should been prohibited. 2) 以数词和量词开始的句子来引起特别的注意
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大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
Several factors should be taken into account when a company hires an employee. 3）以介词来开始句子
In discussing this problem, different people have different opinions. 4) 以 although, if , when, while, now that 等引导的从句开始
a. If any of these explanations turns out to be correct, man should take into consideration effective measures to control the number of private cars.
b. As long as the school makes up its mind to improve this situation , this will de definitely beneficial to students.
c. As the price of a computer decreases, more and more people can afford to buy one. 5)当主语过长或者需要强调时，可以使用 it 开始的句子
e.g. It doesn’t make any difference whether this method will adopted or not. 6) 以副词或短语开始句子
e.g. Unfortunately, a number of more serious problems remain to be solved. 7) 为使句子多样化，可以使用反问句或设问句 For what reason do you think it should be important? 8）用非谓语动词来变换句式
e.g. A.) All things considered, it is rather rational for us to reach such a conclusion. （独立主格结构） B.) When making a decision to completely give up smoking, one should have sufficient determination. （分词作状语）
C) Having discovered that it was his fault, he dare not go home directly. （分词作状语）
D) Motivated by his words, students have regained their confidence in themselves. （分词作状语）
一句话，考生在平时要注意语言表达的变化。应该看到，我们的阅卷人员几乎都是中国教师，而不是外国人，因此他们更重视的是语言，也就是说，是你的用词用句的漂亮使你的文章赢得阅卷人的好感而得到高分，而不是你论述如何出色而帮助你得分。在内容基本雷同、语言普遍平淡的作文中，出现一篇用词、用句都不同寻常的文章，就立即使阅卷人眼睛一亮，作文高分就往往是这样产生的。下面例1是一篇高分作文（尽管在结构上，一致性上和连贯性上都存在很多问题）。 例1
The Two-Day Weekend
The advance of science and technology makes people have more free time. Nowadays, we have 5-workday week. Therefore, our university and college students can have much more leisure time. Sports fans can play in the playground. Some students who are interested in social work can join many clubs. Of course, we also can get a part time job to gain some work experience.
There is a growing concern over the students who don't put too much emphasis on study. Some
students always idle away their time, playing cards, drinking, gambling. These problems are really serious. Taking into account all these factors, we can safely come to the conclusion that the students will waste more time if they don't make good use of it.
As a student, busy as I am with my study, I also do many interesting things such as reading novels, writing articles at the two-day weekend. All work no play makes Jack a dull boy. It's really true!
\account all these factors\Jack a dull boy\这些词句就像沙漠中的金子闪闪发光，不能不使阅卷人感到欣喜。
实际上，所谓的金子无非是语言的variety, 即用词的变化，用句的变化，就语言而论不存在哪个词好，哪个词不好，哪个句子结构好，哪句子结构不好的说法。所谓语言漂亮是指语言的变化。要改变语言贫乏这一毛病，这就需要平时注意积累对同一意思的不同表达法，在写作时善于变化。在以下各例中，请读者注意用b）标明的句子。 例2 如要表示“使”，不要仅依靠make:
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大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
a) This society still makes women unable to enjoy equal rights. b) Women are still denied equal rights.
a) The incident made me recall one of my past experiences. b) The incident reminded me of one of my past experiences. 例3 如要表达“越来越”，不要只使用more and more:
a) More and more students find learning English has become more and more difficult. b) Students in growing numbers find learning has become increasingly difficult. a) More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years. b) Teenage smoking is on the rise in recent years.
a) More and more teachers are demanded with the development of economy. b) There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy. 例4 如要表达“大多数”，不要一味用most: a) Most students take a part time job after class.
b) The vast majority of students take a part time job after class a) Most people take part in sports of different kinds.
b) The considerable proportion of people take part in sports of different kinds. a) Most college students take a negative attitude towards smoking.
b) The large percentage of college population take a negative attitude towards smoking. 例5 如要表达“不仅??，而且??”不要只用not only... but also:
a) The factors for a rise in teenage smoking is not only social but also psychological. b) The factors for a rise in teenage smoking is psychological as well as social.
a) Taking a part time job can not only earn a little money, but also have an opportunity to contact with society.
b) Taking a part time job means more than a little money you can earn. It also means an opportunity to
contact with society.
a) Old people go to park not only to do exercise but also to make friends. b) Old people go to park as much for companionship as for exercise.
这决不是说在语言上，make 比deny; more and more 比increasingly; most 比the vast majority of; not only ... but also 比as much ...差，而是说在写作中要求有变化。如上面例1这篇高分的作文The Two-Day Weekend , 第一段两次提到“空闲时间”，就是一次用free time, 第二次就用leisure time。 再如第二段二次提到“浪费时间”，第一次是用idle away their time, 第二次就用waste more time.
四级考生在措词方面存在的问题
1 可供―调遣‖的词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中学词汇。 E.g. Good points= benefits, advantages, merits.
Problems, bad points= drawbacks, disadvantages, shortcomings, defects. 2 表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。
E.g. Good= helpful, useful, beneficial, favorable, advantageous, does good to, benefit.
策略
1 调动大学期间学过的更生动，更丰富的词汇表达意思。
E.g. Cause, lead to, result in, bring about, give rise/birth to 2 用具体，生动，有针对性的词语。
E.g. Use, make use of, make (good, effective, wide, wise, full) use of sth, take (full) advantage of 3 文中如需要多次表达同一词义时，以原词，同义词，近义词等避免重复使用同一词。 E.g. adapt to, adjust, make…fit, get used to, be accustomed to
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