大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
Another case in point is learning to play the piano. It is through repeated practice that a person learns to play the piano and becomes a skillful pianist.
2）列举法(listing)
Attending schools abroad has many advantages. In the first place, students can learn advanced knowledge of science and technology from the advanced countries. In the second place, schools abroad can provide students with a better circumstance to learn foreign languages and make them grasp them more quickly. Furthermore, while studying abroad, young students can learn to become independent and develop all-round ability in order to adapt to the reality of society.
表示列举的方法
First of all/Above all, secondly, moreover…
In the first place, in the second place, furthermore/what’s more To begin (start) with, secondly, in addition
For one thing, for another thing, for still another thing 例如
1）Tourism brings China a lot of good. To begin with, it enables the Chinese to know about the outside world and contributes to international friendship and mutual understanding. More importantly, it is financially beneficial to China because tourism greatly encourages foreign investment in China. 2）College students who take part-time jobs can learn a number of things that are not taught in the
classroom. First of all, since they have busy schedules, they have to learn how to budget their time more effectively. They gain experiences in organizing their day of activities properly. Secondly, since any job involves contacts and cooperation with other people, they learn how to get along well with different kinds of people. Most important of all, part-time jobs give students a chance to learn the value of responsibility. In brief, what they learn from doing part-time jobs enhances their integrity as well as their practical abilities.
另外，还可以使用设问—解答法
例 主题句：Environmental protection is becoming an important scientific field and is drawing a greater deal of attention.
设问 Why is environmental protection becoming an important scientific field and is drawing a greater deal of attention?
解答 (1) It involves the work against water population, air pollution, desert expansion, and soil erosion,
garbage, acid rain and so on.
(2) To solve the above problems, much knowledge and research work is needed. (3) Scientists as well as people attach primary importance to environmental protection.
在选择了主要信息和素材后，考生再加上一些辅助信息、过渡词以及措辞润色，就能组成一个完整而统一的段落。
Environmental protection is becoming an important scientific field and is drawing a greater deal of attention. It involves the work against a variety of environmental damage, such as, water population, air pollution, desert expansion, and soil erosion, garbage, acid rain and so on. To solve these problems, much knowledge and research work is needed. Thus, it is indispensable that scientists as well as people attach primary importance to environmental protection.
要写好扩展句，必须注意以下几个方面：
１、避免写出与主题句不相关的句子，以免走题。
主题句通常带有一些关键词，这些关键词对全段内容起着主导作用，也就是说，一个段落中的扩展句都必须紧紧围绕这些关键词对该段的主题内容进行扩展，切忌写一些与主题内容毫不相关的句子，破坏段落意义的统一。 例如：
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大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
Here are the directions to get to my house from yours.You walk two blocks north and then turn right on Adams Street. Walk another two blocks to Third Street. My sister, who got married last year,? lives at the corner of Adams and Third. Then, turn left on Third Street and walk until you see a dirt road with a yellow house on the corner. That is my house.
该段落的主题是告诉对方\来我家的路线\，而段落中的 My sister, who got married last year, lives at the corner of Adams and Third 这一句显然与主题内容毫不相关，应该删掉。 Exercise 5: 删去下列各段中与主题内容不相关的句子。
1. One of the most important men in our society is the garbage man. Each year more and more garbage is produced, and more men are required to dispose of it. These men do this \being disabled or killed by the blades of the disposal trucks. If more people realized how important the garbage man's job is, perhaps his working conditions would improve. My brother used to work on a garbage truck.? He quit because the job was too dangerous.
2. Australia is a very large country. But most of the population is in the south-east part. 85% of the
populations live in cities and towns. They usually don't go to the movies at the weekend. Only 15% live in the countryside. Three out of every five people live in big cities.
3. Today in China, most of the families have only one child. These only children, who seldom worry about eating and clothing, are regarded as little Emperors of the families. My sister has only one child, a daughter. What they want or need will be immediately satisfied either by their parents or their grandparents, but my sister's husband is usually very strict with his daughter. They do nothing in the family except study.?
Exercise 6: 若要写一个以\为主题句的段落, 下列哪些句子可以作为它的扩展句。
1) Many drivers say that they love the danger. 2) I like horse racing better.
3) Each year several drivers are killed in accidents. 4) Soccer is also dangerous.
5) Sometimes mechanics are hurt too--when cars crash during races. 6) Cars are less dependable than horses.
7) Yet spectators, drivers, and mechanics all enjoy the excitement.
２、用举例或者例证的方法来扩展主题句。这样做不尽可以避免走题，而且易于下笔，有话可说，
使该段的内容比较充实。
例如：若以\为主题句，下列哪些句子可以用作例证来说
明主题句？
1) They both like nature and the outdoors and are fond of walking,? gardening, and swimming. 2)My father is eight years older than my mother and taller and thinner. 3)They never get tired of listening to China opera.
4) Both of my parents have dark hair and black eyes and both have low voices and gentle personalities.
5)They both believe in giving their children love and responsibility,? and neither one believes in punishing a child physically.
6) My mother is quieter than my father and talks much less than he does. 7) They are both interested in reading and music.
8)Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children.
由于主题句是\，扩展句应该从\长相（look?）\和\行为举止（behave?）\这两个方面通过例证来说明我的父母是\很相似（like each other）\的, 而句子２和６却列举出了我父母的\不同\之处，背离了\的主题，所以应该删去。句子１，３，
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大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
４，５，?７，８是对主题句的例证，应该保留。全段构成如下：
My parents look and behave like each other. Both of my parents have dark hair and black eyes and both have low voices and gentle personalities. They both like nature and the outdoors and are fond of walking, gardening, and swimming. They are both interested in reading and music; they never get tired of listening to China opera. Most of the time they are in agreement on bringing up their children. They both believe in giving their children love and responsibility, and neither one believes in punishing a child physically.
Exercise 7: 根据所给的主题句，分别通过举例或例证写出扩展句。 1.Smoking in school is not worth the risk of getting caught. 2.Playing the guitar well requires knowledge of several skills. 3. Increasing your vocabulary can help you in a number of ways.
３、段落里的句式应多样化, 避免全用简单句，应交替使用简单句、并列句和复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多样。这样，不仅可以使句子与句子之间的关系明确，而且能够使文章语言流畅，富有特色，不至于显得句子结构千篇一律，单调乏味，缺乏生气。
例如： I will never drive a car again. I had an accident today.? I was driving up Fourth Avenue. I saw a bright yellow car. It was driven by a little old lady. She obviously did not see the stop sign.? I could not stop in time. She ran right into me. Then she called me a \
尽管该段落中的每个句子意思都对，而且没有任何语言错误，但是由于全部用简单句组成，读后令人乏味，称不上一个好段落。如果我们把它改为：
I will never drive a car again. I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue. I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by little old lady. She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I could not stop in time. She ran right into me. Then she called me a \
这样一改，使全段变成了\简单句＋复合句＋复合句＋并列句＋简单句＋简单句\的结构，各句的联系密切多了, 读后效果也好多了。
Exercise 8: 改变下列各段的单一句式, 使句式多样化。
1. The house was beautiful. A long sidewalk led up to the door. Rows of flowers stood on each side of the steps. The front of the house was redbrick. The woodwork was painted white.
2. Thursday was a sunny day. My brother borrowed a car. We went to the beach. The water was warm. We went swimming.
3. I was young. I had a very bad temper. I did something once. I am now very ashamed of that. Tom was my older sister's fiancé. Tom was in the army. Every week my sister bought cigarettes for Tom. My sister kept the cigarettes in a drawer in her bedroom.
4. My parents came home. My sister told them what I had done. My father asked me a question. \sister telling the truth?\not get any more pocket money. I got pocket money again only after I had paid for the cigarettes. ４、扩展句的排列必须符合事物发生时间的先后顺序。
当叙述一连串发生的事情时，一般按时间先后顺序排列句子，这样可以使段落的内容一目了然。 下面这段的句子顺序混乱，需重新排列：
Then we turned left. To get to the museum, we started off by taking the subway to 79th Street.
Suddenly, right in front of us was the beautiful building we were looking for! When we got off the subway, we walked four blocks up Lexington Avenue. After turning left,? we walked what seemed to be an endless distance.
经过按时间的先后顺序重新组合句子后，全段就通顺易懂了：
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大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
To get to the museum, we started off by taking the subway to 79th Street. When we got off the subway, we walked four blocks up Lexington Avenue. Then we turned left. After turning left, we walked what seemed to be an endless distance. Suddenly, right in front of us was the beautiful building we were looking for.
Exercise 9: 按正确的顺序, 重新排列下列各段的句子。
1. His party was a mess. After they all finally left, it took him three hours to clean up. Half of the people he had invited came an hour early. Then, someone accidentally set his curtains on fire. They spilled drinks on his furniture and had a pretzel-eating contest on his bed.
2. When I first met my English professor, I was impressed by his friendliness. At the end of the course, he even invited our class to his house for dinner. Right away he asked me to talk with him about my reading problems. Throughout the rest of the course, he was as helpful to everyone as he had been to me. ５、正确使用过渡词。
过渡词的作用是衔接句子和句子（或者段和段），用以表示上下句（段）之间的关系和语气。如果句子和句子之间不使用过渡词，就使上下句之间的关系显得不明确，意思不连贯，读后令人感到别扭。请看下面两个句子：
1. He forgot there was a test today. He failed.
2. He ate a whole pie. He got sick. He went to see a doctor.
如果我们加上适当的过渡词，上下句的意思就通顺得多了：
1. He forgot there was a test toady. Consequently he failed.
2. He got sick because he ate a whole pie. As a result, he went to see a doctor. 由此可见，在写作中正确使用过渡词是非常重要的。
一些考生在四级写作中因句子之间不连贯而导致意思不通顺，得不到高分，这与不会正确使用过渡词不无关系。过渡语的使用是指句与句，段与段之间衔接更紧密更具连贯性。
过渡语可以是词，短语，也可以是一个句子。通过使用过渡语可以使文章更紧凑，脉络更清楚。
表示举例说明的过渡语
For example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point, Let’s take …as an example. Take … for example. … is a typical example of …
… is a typical/proper case in point.
表示递进关系的过渡语
In addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, also, what’s more Not only, but also, similarly, Another … is … is another… … is also a factor.
表示比较和对比的过渡语
Similarly, in the same way, unlike, like, likewise, equally important;
In contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, in comparison, on the contrary, contrary to, whereas, while, conversely,
…differ/vary greatly/vastly from Different from
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大学英语四级考试专项辅导 作文部分
表示因果关系的过渡语
Because of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to, for, because, since, as, for this reason Therefore, so, as a result, consequently, in consequence, accordingly, hence, thus The reasons why/for … are/lie in… … results in… … result from…
表示结论的过渡语
To sum up, to conclude, to summarize
In sum, in summary, in conclusion, in all, in a word, in short, in brief So, therefore, thus
We can come to the conclusion that A conclusion can be reached that
表示转折的过渡语
Though, although, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, even though/ even if Let’s look at the other side of the coin.
As everything has two sides, we should not neglect the other side of the coin.
Just as there are two sides of a coin, the negative aspect of … cannot be overlooked.
Exercise 10: 用所给的过渡语连接下列句子。
1. I'm interested in old coins but I'm a stamp collector.(first of all)
2.The train doesn't leave for an hour; I have a letter to type. (meanwhile) 3. The documents were not ready. We could not sign them. (consequently)
4. There are several reasons why I suggest that we abandon the project.? We cannot afford it. (in the first place)
5. He was too sick to stay. We sent him home. (accordingly)
6. Like the rest of you, I feel bound to condemn his action. I do not think we should be too severe on him. (at the same time)
7. There was no news. She went on hoping. (nevertheless)
8. Father and Mother wanted to go for a ride. The children wanted to stay at home and play with their friends. (on the other hand)
9. John is smart, polite and well-behaved. He is admirable. (in a word)
10.He seemed to have no desire to go there. His clothes were not good enough. (besides) 11.My mind had several plans and one seemed good and feasible.? (?in particular) 12.You have made a few mistakes but you have done well. (on the whole)
13.The rain is falling down. It will be necessary for us to wear macs. (therefore) 14.Tom has been working late into the night. He?is?sleepy.?(as a result) 15.Jane is often late for work. The?boss?will not?fire?her.(however) 16.She called me. She was going to be late for the meeting.(because)
17.The old man told us many exciting stories. He told us about Edgar Allen Poe's short stories. (for example)
18.I'll get an answer from him. I'll ring you up at once. (as soon as)
19.The house isn't big enough for us and it's too far from the town.? (furthermore).
20.You must pack plenty of food for the journey.? You'll need warm clothes, so pack them too. (likewise)
参考答案
Exercise 5
1.My brother used to work on a garbage truck. He quit because the job was too dangerous.
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