不同饲养模式对黄山黑鸡J亚群禽白血病、鸡
白痢感染率的影响
摘 要
在黄山大部分地区都有饲养黄山黑鸡，且多分布在山区，目前主要位于黟县和祁门县边界处，是该地山区农民放养的多种地方鸡之一。该品种经过长期人工选育和自然驯化，具有性情活泼，耐粗饲，觅食性、就巢性、适应性强等特点，是安徽黄山特有的珍贵品种，其味道鲜美，滋补性强。
论文通过对笼养和放养模式下黄山黑鸡J亚群禽白血病和鸡白痢感染情况的跟踪检测，同时对其繁殖性能进行评价。选择同一批黄山黑鸡种鸡600只，在母鸡见蛋后随机分为两组，每组各300只，分别进行笼养（♂:♀=1:15）和山地放养（♂:♀=1:10）。采用ELISA法、血清平板凝集法试验和种蛋孵化试验等对两种饲养模式黄山黑鸡白血病、鸡白痢、种蛋的蛋品质和繁殖性能进行了对比分析。
结果显示：1、笼养组种鸡200日龄肛拭子阳性率为19.6%，其中公鸡为21.9%，母鸡为18.3%；放养组种鸡肛拭子阳性率为7.8%，其中公鸡为14.7%，母鸡为3.6%；笼养组300日龄蛋清P27抗原阳性率为7.8%，放养组为3.3%；笼养组子代1日龄雏鸡胎粪阳性率为3.4%，放养组为2.9%。结果表明，笼养组种鸡白血病阳性率高于放养组，且公鸡阳性率普遍高于母鸡，其子代笼养组的阳性率同样高于放养组；2、比较两种饲养模式黄山黑鸡鸡白痢感染情况，对黄山黑鸡231日龄、251日龄、274日龄、301日龄和327日龄的血清进行了检测，笼养组各日龄鸡白痢阳性率分别为0%、1.01%、2.38%、1%和0%，放养组为7%、7.44%、3.13%、2%和1%。放养组鸡白痢阳性率高于笼养组；3、比较两种饲养模式黄山黑鸡的蛋品质差异，对种蛋的蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳颜色进行了测定。结果表明，不同饲养方式黄山黑鸡种蛋的蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度和蛋壳颜色之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）。笼养组蛋重为48.1 g，显著高于放养组（P<0.05），蛋壳厚度为0.423 mm，显著高于放养组（P<0.05），蛋壳颜色为41.3，蛋壳颜色深度明显高于放养组（P<0.05）；而放养组种蛋的蛋形指数为1.31，明显高于笼养组的1.29（P<0.05）。对两种饲养模式下的黄山黑鸡种蛋孵化出的雏鸡体重进行测定，结果表明笼养组和放养组种蛋孵化出的雏鸡体重呈显著差异（P<0.05），笼养组雏鸡平均体重以及公、母平均体重分别比放养组高1.91 g、1.78 g、1.97 g，达差异显著水平（P<0.05）。在做孵化时，统计每组种蛋的孵
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化指标。结果表明，放养组笼养组种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率分别为93.98%、96.94%、91.10%，放养组的分别为93.46%、95.52%、89.26%，笼养组黄山黑鸡种蛋的死胚率为3.06%，放养组的为4.48%，笼养组的各项指标均优于放养组。
本试验初步掌握了两种饲养模式黄山黑鸡J亚群禽白血病和鸡白痢感染情况及繁殖性能，为黄山黑鸡种源性疾病净化与防控提供基础。
关键词：黄山黑鸡；J亚群禽白血病；鸡白痢；繁殖性能
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Abstract
Huangshan Black Chicken is one kind of multiple places chicken groups that was grazed by the local mountain farmers, it is distributed in most parts of huangshan city, and relatively concentrated distribution in Yixian county and Qimen county border area. It has showed the characters such as disposition lively, crude feed tolerance, strong adaptability,high broodiness and so on after long-term artificial selection and natural domestication. Huangshan Black Chicken is a rare species with tasty flavor and tonic effect of Huangshan Anhui province.
In this thesis, a tracing detection was conducted about the infection status of avian leukosis subgroup J and pullorosis of cage-rearing and free-range feeding modes of Huangshan black chicken,and a evaluation was conducted of reproduction performance of Huangshan Black Chickens of the two feeding modes. 600 Huangshan Black Chickens breeders were randomly divided into two groups after the hens lay eggs, cage-rearing group and free-range group. ELISA, plate agglutination text and hatching experiment were used to contrast the avian leukosis, pullorosis positive rate, breeding egg quality and reproduction performance of Huangshan Black Chickens between the two groups.
the results showed that: 1. The cage-rearing group 200-day-old breeding birds positive rate in cloacal cotton swab was 19.6%, p27 antigen positive rate in cocks’cloacal cotton swab was 21.9% and the hens’ was 18.3%; The free-range group p27 antigen positive rate in cloacal cotton swab was 7.8%, p27 antigen positive rate in cocks’ cloacal cotton swab was 14.7% and the hens’ was 3.6%; The cage-rearing group 300-day-old breeding birds p27 antigen positive rate in egg white was 7.8% while the free-range group’s was 3.3%;The p27 antigen positive rates in 1-day-old meconium of the cage-rearing group offspring and the free-range group’s was 2.9%. The results showed that the positive rate of avian leukosis of cage-rearing group was high than that of free-range group, and the positive rateof avian leukosis of cocks was generally higher than that of the hens, similarly, the positive rate of avian leukosis of cage-rearing group offspring was high than that of free-range group. 2. In order to contrast the pullorosis positive rate between the two feeding modes, the blood serum of 231-day-old, 251-day-old, 274-day-old, 301-day-old, 327-day-old Huangshan Black Chicken were investigated. The results showed that all the day-old pullorosis positive rates of cage-rearing group were 0%, 1.01%, 2.38%, 1%, 0%
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and free-range group’s were 7%, 7.44%, 3.13%, 2%, 1%. Pullorosis positive rate of cage-rearing group was high than that of free-range group. 3. In order to contrast the egg quality between the two feeding modes, egg weight, egg shape index, egg shell thickness and eggshell color were measured. The results showed that the egg quality between the two feeding modes was significantly different (P<0.05). The egg weight of cage-rearing group was 48.1 g,which significantly higher than that of the free-range group(P<0.05).The eggshell thickness of cage-rearing group was 0.423 mm, which significantly higher than free-range group(P<0.05).The egg shell color depth of cage-rearing group was 41.3, which significantly higher than that of the free-range group(P<0.05). But the egg shape index of free-range group was 1.31, which significantly higher than that of the cage-rearing group(P<0.05). The weight of chicks that were hatched by the breeding eggs of the two feeding modes was measured. The results showed that the chicks weight of the two feeding modes was significantly different(P<0.05). The average weight of chicks, cocksand hens of cage-rearing group were 1.91 g、1.78 g、1.97 g heavier than that of free-range group, it has reached a significant difference level(P<0.05).The incubation indicators of the two feeding modes were recorded when the incubation experiment was carried out. The results showed that the fertility rate of hatching egg, fertilization and hatching rate of cage-rearing group were 93.98%、96.94%、91.10%, the free-range group’s were 93.46%、95.52%、89.26%, the death rate of embryo of cage-rearing group was 3.06%, and the free-range group’s was 4.48%, the indicators of cage-rearing group were better than that of the free-range group.
In the study, the infection status of avian leukosis subgroup J and pullorosis, and reproduction performance of Huangshan Black Chickens of the two feeding modes were investigated, which provided the fundamental for the purification and prevention of provenance disease of Huangshan Black Chickens.
Key words: Huangshan Black Chicken; avian leukosis subgroup J, pullorosis; reproduction performance
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目录
摘 要 ........................................................................................................................................................ I Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... III 英文符号及缩略词 ................................................................................................................................ VII 文献综述 ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 黄山黑鸡 ............................................................................................................................................... 1 2 饲养模式 ............................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 鸡的不同饲养方式 ..................................................................................................................... 1
2.1.1 笼养 ................................................................................................................................. 1 2.1.2 平养 ................................................................................................................................. 2 2.1.3 放养 ................................................................................................................................. 2 3 J亚群禽白血病 ..................................................................................................................................... 2
3.1 病原学 ........................................................................................................................................ 3
3.1.1 分类 ................................................................................................................................. 3 3.1.2 形态及理化特性 .............................................................................................................. 3 3.1.3 基因组结构 ...................................................................................................................... 3 3.2 流行病学 .................................................................................................................................... 4 3.3 临诊症状及病理变化 ................................................................................................................. 5 3.4 危害 ............................................................................................................................................ 5 3.5 诊断和检测 ................................................................................................................................ 5
3.5.1 病毒的分离和鉴定 .......................................................................................................... 5 3.5.2 血清学检测方法 .............................................................................................................. 5 3.5.3 分子生物学检测方法 ...................................................................................................... 6 3.6 防治 ............................................................................................................................................ 6 4 鸡白痢 ................................................................................................................................................... 6
4.1 病原学 ........................................................................................................................................ 7 4.2 流行病学 .................................................................................................................................... 7 4.3 临诊症状及病理变化 ................................................................................................................. 7 4.4 危害 ............................................................................................................................................ 7 4.5 诊断和检测 ................................................................................................................................ 8
4.5.1 细菌的分离和鉴定 .......................................................................................................... 8 4.5.2 凝集试验法 ...................................................................................................................... 8 4.5.3 ELISA方法........................................................................................................................ 8 4.5.4 PCR方法 .......................................................................................................................... 8 4.6 防治 ............................................................................................................................................ 9
4.6.1 预防措施.......................................................................................................................... 9 4.6.2 治疗 ................................................................................................................................. 9 引言 ......................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.1 试验材料 .................................................................................................................................. 17
1.1.1 试验动物........................................................................................................................ 17
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