Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
? 快速笔记的内容
1. 结构主体的核心词
2. 时间和数字（注：同步记录时间及相应的事件； 一律记录为数字） 3. 人名地名专有名词（使用首字母标记） 4. 举例的主体
5. 新概念及局部核心的概念 6. 重要的逻辑关系
? 记录逻辑关系的符号体系
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
因果关系： A->B 比较关系：A > < ＝B 类比关系：A∽B 对比关系：A ? B 最高级 ：most A 否定： ?A,A 分类：{ },或者 表格 定义: A:= 或者 A?
举例：e.g i.e a?A,a?A 过程和线索：A?B?C
自由笔记区 不要试图记下所有的东西 理论－分析－evidence 读对了以后才能读快。 快速动态信息获取 听力逻辑训练：AB对话猜想 Predicting ->skimming 有详略选择的阅读方法 ->note-taking
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价格大于小于 price : A > B
? 笔记过程的两条附加规则
? ? ?
分段记录 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 中英文结合
对笔记的评价体系 ? ?
拥有清晰的逻辑脉络
过程和线索：根据体系可以对文章进行有效的
复述A?B?C
? 结构化阅读过程中的逻辑控制——PREDICTING ?
阅读过程是一个产生期待和验证期待的过程 Y 阅读文字→产生期待→验证期待 N 修正期待
?
阅读过程的逻辑控制是把握信息关联的有效方法
Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
? 有效阅读量的控制——SKIMMING ? 重新建立评价阅读快慢的标准 自由笔记区 t??? S??文章 V??句子量化有效阅读量 Imax I1 冗余信息 有效信息的增长量 0 R0 R S?[0,R0]?{R1,R2,...,Rn} ? 详略结合的阅读 ? 需要详细阅读的内容 结构主体内容 非举例性质的概括描述 题目映射回原文的内容 ? 需要简略阅读的内容 大量的数据堆砌 明显的举例 对比类比各看一半 让步转折各读一半 ? 练习示例 Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the large cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town to farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the country, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of course, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from a smaller towns within the United Stated, but the combination of new immigrants and old American “settlers” on America’s “urban frontier” in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary. The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on
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连续阶段大约为6－8分钟 －continuous的部分 连续和离散的信息 －discrete的部分 举例的主体 为何而举例 结束位置 Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the each other. countryside to seek a new life in the city and make it possible for few farmers to feed the large concentration of people needed to provide a workforce for growing members of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry and huge contracts in transportation and construction－as well as the expanded market in consumer goods－allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the United States. Technological development further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city major psychological element for country people. The included a social interaction of urban life seemed particularly bustle and intriguing to those raised in rural isolation. 小结区： 1、 结构化阅读及笔记实例参见本讲义第5页笔记区 2、 阅读和口语的关系参见讲义第 页； 3、 问题：你是否可以更新自己的一些状态了？ 4、 练习：用老托福阅读做结构化阅读和笔记练习并 自我评价，如上例。 ? 句子阅读方法 ? 回忆：我们的缺陷中句子理解所处的地位 ? 引子：精读和泛读的定义 精读：消除障碍的阅读方式 －>读对 泛读：快速有效的阅读，广泛的阅读－>读快，读广 ? 句子的精读方法 ? 我们的阅读障碍和来自何处？ ? 阅读的实际过程是什么？ 自由笔记区 问题定义－>描述－>抽象－>解决 在英文翻译到中文的过程中， 顺序在改变： A,B,C,D?A?,B?,C?,D? 17
Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
? 阅读在句子层面的障碍 1.含义的理解 2.语序的确定
? 简单句的障碍来源
基本句型（主干） 中文 非主干成分
? 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法 ? 定语
? 前置定语 adj. + n.
? 后置定语
自由笔记区 简单句是只有一套主谓结构的句子 基本句型5种： 1. SVP 主谓 2. SVi 主系表 3. SV+O 主谓宾 4. SV+O1+O2 主谓双宾 5. SV+O+O2 主谓宾补 n+ ⒈adj phrase 形容词短语: a book useful for you （adj +prep + n.） ⒉prep phrase 介词短语: a pen on the desk (prep + n.)
⒊ v-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tool developed for the project
⒋ 不定式: a way to solve the problem
⒌表语形容词：alive, alike A cat alive. 注:
分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词 不定代词只能用后置定语修饰
不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem
? 定语从句
1. 关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句-主干完整)
2. 关系连词（非关系副词）: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句
3. 介词+关系代词（不会相当于关系副词）: in which, on which , with which, 没有in that(这个只能等同于Because)，此关系代词不包括what
This is a desk on which there is a book. 跟完整句，相当于状语。 This is Tom with whom I can solve the problem.
? 同位语
A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句) A, or B
－处理方法：删除 翻译：也就是说，即
? 普通同位语
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Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
A that + 句子(完整句) A of B: the city of Beijing
A of B of C of D ：D的C的B的A
分割和粘连。分割，同位语经常用来分割。
? 同位语从句（不属于简单句的范畴） n+ that + 句子（完整句）
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