Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
自由笔记区 例1. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply protecting physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related condition. 例2 It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that (included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.) Who强调人，易被误认为是定语从句， 例3. It was in the cities that the elements that can be 是她，出版了第一部独立宣言的官方版 associated with modern capitalism first appeared ——the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, 本，… open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy with an attendant rise in social disorder and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. 平行结构
A, B and C 平行结构
In place of
小结区： 1.对句子的完整处理流程
句子 强调结构 关联词 Vt 常规处理
有，就去掉强调结构 有，作层次化处理 否，进行倒装判断
2. 强调阅读句子时要对关联词和谓语动词敏感。 3.问题：你是否可以对所有句子进行结构分析并确保理解正确性？ 4.练习：以老托福文章或者《新托福考试官方指南》中的句子为练习对象进行句子精读练习，以是
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Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
? 句子的泛读方法
? 阅读理解的错误习惯：指读、声读、回读、视角高度过低 ? 加大理解单位，变单词为意群组合 ? 可以合并为意群的成分
泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读 副词adv
(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING 介词短语 prep phrase
1) 需要详细阅读的内容 分词短语
? 结构主体的内容 非谓语不定式
? 非举例性质的概括描述 主语和谓语或谓语和宾语
? 题目映射回原文的内容 As … as
2) 可以快速浏览的内容 固定搭配
? 大量的数据堆砌
? 明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置 ? 对比\\类比读一半 强迫阅读法 ? 让步\\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)
理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论
? 焦点训练法 例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must process hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. 例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must process hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by the elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. 31
Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
?
构建阅读逻辑，变翻译为整体理解
? 错误的做法，试图由精确输入得到精确的输出 ? 练习方式，强制一遍阅读法
? 回忆：Predicting and skimming 的内容（讲义13页）
The canopy the upper level of the tree in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets and porcupines. Smaller species including such rodents as mice and small squirrels are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally. Small mammals being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature. Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon(a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon’s face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even large size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feed or tail and plucking food with their hands. Small climbing animals may reach twigs rapidly, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from one tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse. 32
自由笔记区 Who强调人，易被误认为是定语从句，是她，出版了第一部独立宣言的官方版本，… 平行结构 In place of Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
小结区： 1. 问题：对句子理解的两个要求——正确性和有效性——我们是否已经达到？ 2. 阅读和写作的关系见讲义 页 3. 练习：处理1995到2005年老托福阅读真题，重点关注2000年到2005年部分，每篇文章要 求按照如下方式处理四遍： 一． 快速笔记，完成题目； 二． 处理生词，精读句子——精读 ? 阅读广泛性和阅读重点把握
? 从结构和内容两方面把握阅读重点
? 回忆：结构化阅读的内容
? 托福文章的结构分类 Often passages will present information about the topic from more than one perspective or point of view. This is something you should note as you read because usually you will be asked at least one question that allows you to show that you have understood the general organization of the passage. Common types of organization you should be able to recognize are ? classification ? comparison/contrast ? cause/effect ? problem/solution (Official Guide p.19) 笔记区： 1.顺承式 2.分类式
按照时间/事件发展线索 －线形结构 分类方式及类别特征 －树形结构
3.问题解决式/现象解释式： 解决方案/解释及最终结论 －伞形结构
构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解----强调一遍阅读法
强制阅读法：读的时候只看一遍，脑子里圈起句子内容，结合predicting和skimming，获取有效信息。 阅读的第二个层次：由精确的输入通过逻辑得到模糊的输出
精读: 消除阅读障碍的阅读方式→确保阅读的正确性→对 泛读: 快速有效阅读/广泛阅读→获取有效信息→快/广
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Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
? 托福文章的内容分类 蜜蜂会有预测能力：很猛！ ? 托福文章内容具有明显的重复性――语料库 动物行为重点关注：蜜蜂蚂蚁和海洋? 人类对于陌生事物的本能性恐惧——熟悉材料 生物 ? 回忆：托福阅读的话题类型（讲义第3页） fungi：脚气 真菌会考到听力，顽? 自然科学 固是因为细胞壁 a. 生物学 马骏对蘑菇过敏 ? 植物学: 植物的分类和特征
? 动物学: 动物的分类和行为.鸟类\\群体性昆虫（主要是蚂蚁－信息素和蜜蜂－跳舞）\\海洋生物 ? 微生物学: 真菌(蘑菇\\真菌的顽固) fungi b. 地理\\地质学 Geography/Geology
? 地形\\地貌特征: 成因\\分布\\气候\\生态\\影响 五大湖区的地形地貌，喀斯特地形等 ? 地质事件: 成因或原理\\过程\\影响 比如地震的原理， 风化腐蚀的过程 c. 天文学 Astronomy
? 具体的星体特征: 基本特征(形状\\距离\\轨道\\旋转\\温度\\质量); 大气层(氢气\\氦气\\氨气\\甲烷); 表面特征(阳面阴面，环形山等); 水和生命形式; 人的探索 Jupiter等八大行星， helium ? 天文学事件: 成因\\过程\\影响 d. 考古学 Archeology
? 古生物: 恐龙(灭绝), 鸟类鱼类( 进化史pterosaur→archaeopteryx→modern birds) ? 古代遗址\\遗迹: 中国的古代遗迹－这个古代长城和兵马俑，齐桓公时代的灌溉设施 考过金字塔，印第安人的遗址遗迹 e.气象学 meteorology
? 灾害性天气: 成因\\过程\\危害\\预防 暴风飓风龙卷风 ? 天气预报: 卫星\\计算机技术 satellite f. 新技术和新事物
? 发展史：冰箱、永动机、蒸汽机 曾经新过的东西 ? 特征及应用
以上一共六个方面。人文科学一出通常都是难题，曾经考过唐吉柯德，比例占30％。分六个方面 ? 人文科学－按照字面理解，不要发散 a. 美国历史 讲土人，说他们过的很爽，? 土人: 生活\\宗教\\艺术 后面来了一群人，然后就不? 都市化过程: 人口增长\\城市扩张\\交通发展\\经济繁荣 讲了。呵呵！ b. 历史学和人类学 河殇，很猛！ ? 原始人生活变迁: 游牧到定居(农业) 200年美国发展，好像一个成? 古代文明 特别注意两河流域文明 绩特别好的孩子。 c. 文学 中国像一个淘气的孩子，打? 流派: 产生\\思想\\代表人物，代表作品，代表作家 完了发现不好了，开始学，? 作家: 生平\\作品 没有学几年又开始大跃进，d. 绘画和雕塑 文化大革命，92年老人画圈? 流派——印象派，野兽派 以后才开始发展起来了。 ? 类型:城市艺术（比如自由女神，大街上的雕像） 美国人想着中国人是发达国? 画家 家。民族情感很重要。 e. 音乐 ? 类型: country, ragtime… 美国整个历史与之有关 多看书，会有好处。想问题? 乐器 会更加清楚。 f.心理学: 人类情感分析
不考本来就很专业的：比如医学，数学，物理学——只考符合科普性质的内容。 仅仅关注考期半年内的机井：关注和听力有关的，比如综合测试和口语
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