Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
? 结构分类和内容分类结合——阅读重点把握 顺承式 比如生物学分三类： 分类式 内容解决式 用Excel表格另外总结。 小结区： 1. 结构化阅读应该与阅读广泛性结合，共同构成文章阅读的完善体系； 2. 句子理解，包括正确性和有效性，是理解文字内容的基础； 3. 不必刻意提高速度或者控制时间，充分熟练并掌握方法就能使得速度自然提升；用生物钟控制 4. 注意练习的针对性，要不断总结练习中出现的问题并及时解决； 5. 注意练习的类型，熟能生巧还是发现问题？ 6. 练习：对老托福阅读文章进行结构和内容归纳，分析其阅读重点。theatre 剧院，戏曲 郁金香 ? 题型，如此而已…… ? 托福阅读的题型分类
? 《新托福考试官方指南》上给出的题型分类 TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES 笔记区： Basic Information and Inferencing questions(11 to 13 questions per set) 1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set) 2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 事实信息题，比例高 3. Inference questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 4. Rhetorical Purpose questions (0 to 2 questions per set) 否定事实信息，与前一个相反 5. Vocabulary questions (3 to 5 questions per set) 6. Reference question (0 to 2 questions per set) 推断题 7. Sentence Simplification questions (0 to 1 questions per set) 8. Insert Text questions (0 to 1 questions per set) 修辞目的题－广义的，就是逻 Reading to Learn questions (1 per set) 辑形式，可能就是比较或因果 9. Prose Summary 10. Fill in a Table 词汇题 ? 对题型的重现归纳
? 答案与文章阐述内容直接关联的：1，2，9，10 ? 答案与文章阐述内容间接关联的：3，4
? 答案与文章阐述内容基本无关的：5，6，7，8 听力：可以和阅读共享话题和所有的训练方法
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Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
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托福阅读题型分析
? 词汇题（Vocabulary Questions） ? 重要的说明 These questions ask you to identify the meanings of individual words and phrases as they are used in the reading passage (a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meanings is relevant.) There is no “list of word” that must be tested. (Official Guide. p.25) ? 题目的形式 ? The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to ? In stating X, the author means that ? 解题方法 自由笔记区： 认识：直接解题，沾边就对 词缀（含义/范畴） A?{1,2,3,4,5} 词自身 词的组合 ??不认识 推断 {1,2,3,4,5}?认识 因果 {1,2,5}选项匹配?认识不认识 代入验证 上下文完形填空 对比 解释 选项不匹配?不认识 词缀量少，容易掌握 猜 掌握4个选项及文章中出现的word As Philadelphia grew from a small The word hinterland in the 笔记区： passage is closest in meaning to town into a city in the first half of the land表示地域 eighteenth century, it became an (A) tradition important marketing (B) association increasingly hinterland 内陆地区，内地 a vast and growing (C) produce center for agriculture hinterland. (D) region 把word看出空格 ，看内容 Hunting is at best a precarious way The word precarious in the food, even when the passage is closest in meaning to 与之的关联。推断 of procuring diet is supplemented with seeds and (A)uncertain (B)humble (C)worthy (D)unusual fruits. even,让步转折＝although The word chronicle in the passage is closest in meaning to In time the increasing complexity of precarious 不稳定，不安全的 Neolithic societies led to the (A) repeat development of writing prompted (B) understand 例：哪怕你是第一候选人，我也 by the need to keep records and later (C) exchange by the urge to chronicle experiences, (D) describe 不选你。even－表示否定的态度 learning and beliefs.
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Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
about 3100 B.C. they were The word subjugated in the 笔记区： By apparently subjugated in southern passage is closest in meaning to Mesopotamia by the Summerians, (A) concentrated name became synonymous (B) conquered whose X的名字成为紧邻PG北部的那个 with the region immediately north of (C) segregated the Persian Gulf in the fertile lower (D) distinguished 区域的代名词 valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. Native Americans of northern The word fashion in the 通过“解释” The California were highly skilled at passage is closest in meaning to 两河流域文明，幼发拉底河，底 basketry, using the reeds, grasses, (A)maintain barks, and roots they found around (B)organize 格里斯河，美索不达米亚，波斯 them to fashion articles of all sorts (C)trade sizes——not only trays, (D)create and 湾 containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects. In addition, they made use of four The word article in the passage distinct variations on the basic is closest in meaning to 出国是一种手段，有机会出去见 twining process, often employing (A)decoration (B)shape than one of them in a single (C)design (D)object more 识一下就是好事，分数是衡量的 article. ? 指代题（Reference Question） ? 题目的形式 ? The word X in the passage refers to (Official Guide p.26) 考点：句子直接词的关系
? 解题方法
代词
a. 从句的主语指代主句的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义) b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系) c. 重复概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原则) d. some of others
some + n / some of + n, others指名词 some + v, some others共指之前概念 名词:
a. 优先选择题干的上下意词
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Reading Comprehension a is a kind of A, A是a的上意词
b. 若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理 注意:
a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 b. 从句开头往后找答案
c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须一致 d. 指代的传递现象
IBT TOFEL
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Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
Jupiter and other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial they are composed predominantly of planets: such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane. If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase eggs production and to improve chick survival rates. What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the available to a society may to some material extent limit or influence what it can do , the materials by no means determine artistically what is done. Some of their baskets were completely covered pendants; others with feathers that with shell made the baskets’ surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Lukes, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American this period set about creating a new artists of of themselves and their lives in the portrayal United States. As they began to strive for social and cultural independence. Their altitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them.
The word they in the passage refers to (A) nuclear reactions (B) giant planets (C) terrestrial (D) substances The word which in the passage refers to (A) tissues (B)substances (C)barriers (D)alkaliods The word they in the passage refers to (A)birds (B)aviculturists (C)eggs (D)rates The word it in the passage refers to (A)realization (B)society (C)extent (D)influence The word others in the passage refers to (A)masters (B)baskets (C)pendants (D)surfaces The word them in the passage refers to (A)Americans of European descent (B)paintings (C)African American artists (D)attitudes 笔记区： 托福不要你假设C 是terrestrial planets 假设不能作为判断的依据 aviculturists 鸟贩子 39