Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
1. The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily 例 from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s), North American entrepreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadened the scope of outwork system (that made manufacturing more the efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers ( who each performed a single step of the production process)) Impressive=very good，印象很好。 Stem from= originate from 2. The fact (that (artisans, who were locked on as 例 mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today) is directly attributable the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth to century) 3. Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows 例 it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the that most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier. counterpart 对应物。鸡骨头的化石的对应物是现代 小结区 1. 常规句型的分析方法归纳 非简单句→简单句集合→基本句型＋非主干成分 层次分析方法 括号匹配法 变成中文 完整信息链 非主干成分：定语前置，插入同位删除，状语隔离 2. 强调：阅读句子时对关联词敏感
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自由笔记区 In which 跟了一个定语从句 第一个例子是完整的信息链。 类似的句子不是为了长而长，而是因为确实需要传递这么多信息。 译：这种输出方面很好的结果主要是由于这种工人生产产品的方式产生的，从18世纪90年代开始北美的企业家扩展了输出系统的范围，哪怕是这些企业家没有技术的革新，这种输出系统通过把材料分给工人，每个工人都能完成生产过程中的独立步骤。 这个事实直接归功于19世纪的手工艺品运动，这些工匠今天被频繁地认为是艺术家，在18世纪他们被认为是有技术的工人。 跳着进行阅读 The fact is directly… 然后回头看that里边的内容。 搞化石的人都知道化石和它的现代的对应物是不一样的，最明显的区别在于化石会更加重一些。 Who的前面不完整 ? －独立主格结构 (With可以省略)＋n ＋1. adj 2.prep phrase 3. 分词短语 4. Inf（不定式） 5.adv 不能单独成句，只能作为一个成分； 通常在句子里边作为状语。 与普通的状语的区别：多了一个名词，它起了一个指示性作用，核心名词是所发出动作或者所承受状态的主体。 Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
5. 练习：对老托福阅读文章中的句子进行分析，简单句要求分析清楚各种成分，非简单句要求 先进行层次划分（先练习括号匹配法，再练习完整信息链法），然后按照简单句要求处理每个分句， 所有句子需要写出中文意思。 6.评价标准，是否能将每个句子表述为准确的中文。 ? 倒装句的分析方法 笔记区： ? 部分倒装的处理方法 谓语不动，带宾语的也不能；只有主系表把提前的助动词，be 情态动词去掉， 或还原并按照顺序理解 Do, did , does 去掉，其他还原 ? 完全倒装的处理方法 ? 完全倒装的存在环境 ? 能够在句子中充当主语的成分 名词 n. 代词 pron The + adj. 不定式 inf 主语从句 动名词
看谓语动词前面，是否是动词的Ving形式。 ing和非ing差异很大。 ? 完全倒装的判断流程
结构可以倒装。 表语放在前面，是倒装最基本的情形。 下面只需要确定谓语动词的位置，看谓语之前的成分——五种成分可以作为主语——如果这些成分是可以作为主语的成分，就是倒装了。特殊的是Ving——额外有判断方法。主谓一致：谓语是第三人称单数。如果前面是 26
Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
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Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
1. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned 例 from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Herein 是Ving，可以做主语吗？不能，所以是倒装。 What= anything that 引导名词性从句（宾语或主语 从句）有一个开端在这里出现了，什么开端呢？最终 由无知向否定转换的开端对于医学中营养学疗法的价 值 2. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three 例 petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into ignorance, weird, but always functional shapes. 不是第三人称单数，因此就是倒装。后面都是对花瓣 的修饰。 3. With the growing prosperity brought on by the 例 Second World War and the economic boom that followed young people married and established households it, earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 前面是伴随状语， 这是一个部分倒装 4. Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 例 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth. 学习这个句子－作模仿，来学习写作 5. Among the species of seabirds (that use the winds 例 wept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets. 6. Most important, perhaps, was that they had all 例 maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of American’s first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career
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自由笔记区 从例一和例二可以看到： 完全倒装的目的通常是为了平衡结构，因为主语太长了，所以甩到后面去。 例三 这是一个部分倒装。 比较句的阅读： 1， 比较句的三要素：比较主体，比较点，比较结果。 2， 比较主体是两个，必需满足一致性 3. 比较句分成两类：静态比较的是状态；动态比较句比的是动作。要倒装的是动态比较句。 4. 动态比较句的形式： (1）s + vi + adv. er ＋than + … 修饰的是vi 不及物动词。比的是动作 I’m run faster than does tom. 由于这种结构中不存在二义性，所以口语中可以去掉does. 被比较主体必需是名词，而不是代词 (2) s + Vt +宾语＋adv. er +than +其他 I’m love you more than Tom. 不正式 Reading Comprehension IBT TOFEL
? 例8. Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the world, silent. Though +s +be +adj +prep+ … =adj + though + s + be + prep+ … 让步状语从句 例9. Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular system, to the health and human well-being. 随着，表示比较， 与此同时。 自由笔记区 A 分为字典含义和自然含义 阅读理解的第一层次：不仅要理解单词人们逐渐认识到….意义，与此同时，人们开始关注不的字典含义，还有知道在目标语言中最断消失的物质和栖息地。 例10. Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the later cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. A is matching B = 例11. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation 准确的表达方式。mismatch 例如：employee 雇主，老板 Farmer 农场主，而不是农民 farmer-worker 强调句的分析方法 ? 强调句的构成 It be 强调成分 that/ who +其他成分 ? 强调句的处理方法 去掉构成强调的成分，按照常规方法理解 强调句不强调动词和形容词 写作的万能结构，模仿一个结构： 模板的搭建 Basic to any understanding of disadvantages of building a large factory near the community is the serious pollution brought by the factory.
Basic to learn the subject is to read the book.
Basic to any understanding of the reason why people live longer are the advanced medical skills developed in recent years.
Coincident with concerns about salary provided by companies of different scales has been growing improvement of living standard in China.
Matching the high salary provided by large company is the best working environment/condition in this company.
Sparks->fuel In the 1990, the good … sparks the aspiration of Chinese people, fuel …
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