voice that made me afraid. (Daphne du Maurier, Rebacca, simplified by A.S.M. Ronaldson) 【译文】.
【例3】One should have one‘s own bookshelves, which should not have doors, glass windows, or keys; they should be free and accessible to the hand as well as the eye. （天津外国语学院，2009） 【译文】
【例4】But real authority, in Webb‘s view, belonged to the colonial governor, who was appointed by the king and supported by the “garrison”.（西安交大，2006） 【译文】.
【例5】In a few minutes, they were caught up, rejoicing, in the embrace of the deep river which would carry them with it to the sea.（上海对外贸易学院，2007） 【译文】
4.6.2 从句与主句是转折关系，关系代词which, that, who可用“but＋主语” 来替代。如果从句的主语与主句的一致，则可直接用并列连词but替代。
【例1】 In one corner was a blank canvas on an easel that had been waiting there for twenty-five years to receive the first line of the masterpiece.(O.Henry, The Last Leaf ) 【译文】
【例2】―It was said at the inquiry that the late Mrs. De Winter killed herself,‖ said Favell, ―which I say is absolutely out of the question. Mrs. De Winter was my cousin. I knew her very well. She would never have done such a thing(Daphne du Maurier, Rebacca, simplified by A.S.M. Ronaldson) 【译文】
【例3】It is better to have plenty of money than to be attractive. These are the great truths of modern life which Hughie Erskine never realized.（北京工业大学，2006） 【译文】
【例4】They do the same, he may think, in respect to their vices, to anti-intellectualism, commercialism, and the like, which are characteristics of England also.（天津外国语学院，2008） 【译文】
【例5】Business corporation, scientists and farmers hope that transgenic techniques will allow more cost-effective and precise plants and animals with desirable characteristics that are not available using up to date breeding technology.（南开大学，2007） 【译文】
26
第五讲 状语从句的译法（自习）
1. 时间状语从句
1.1 直译引导时间状语从句的从属连词 1.1.1 状语从句先于主句译出
英语的时间状语从句，有的位于主句之前，也有的位于主句之后。尽管如此，汉语的表达习惯常把时间状语从句先译出来。从属连词一般when, whenever等常译为“当（在）??时”，或者“??时”。 【例1】When the driver moves his arms and legs which are attached to the controls, the robot duplicates his motions.
【译文】当操作者活动与控制器连接的双臂和双腿时，这个机器人就会重复他的动作。 【例2】When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. （东北财经大学，2008）
【译文】待两位来客把经历说完之后，周恩来微笑着说，他可以帮他们找到住的地方，替他们办理加入党在柏林支部的手续，使他们在入党申请书寄往中国批准之前，暂作候补党员。 【评析】本句把when 译成“之后”，贴合语境，同时，对until 的翻译也处理得当，并没有机械译为“直到??”。
【例3】The relevance to translation studies of all of this is obvious as soon as translation is regarded not as a sterile linguistic exercise but as an act of communication. (北京师范大学，2003)
【译文】一旦翻译被认定为是一种交流手段而非呆板的语言练习，那么，翻译学与这些学科之间的联系便显而易见了。
【例4】For example, if evolution leads to a perfect adaptation through natural selection acting on random hereditary changes, the process ought to slow down as it gets closer to the optimum for each species because fewer favorable changes can be made. （中山大学，2006）
【译文】例如，如果说生物通过自然选择而发生随机的遗传变异，从而进化到最理想的进化状态，那么当它们进化的程度越来越接近最佳状态时，它们的进化过程就应该会减慢，因为对其进化有利的变异越来越少了。
【例5】 Rice and Bush are closer than any other President and Secretary of State since Bush 41 and James Baker did their memorable duet 16 years ago. （天津外国语学院，2006）
【译文】自老布什和詹姆斯·贝克完成两人难忘的“二重奏”之后的16年来，赖斯与布什可算作是关系最为密切的一届总统和国务卿了。
【例6】There are few sports in which you can engage to your own satisfaction after you have passed the prime of life. （河海大学，2008）
【译文】过了壮年以后还能继续满意从事的体育活动就不多了。
【例7】No sooner had Bausch & Lomb entered the Chinese market than it changed its marketing strategy by broadening the target market and aiming direct promotion at customers. 【译文】博士伦隐形眼镜一进入中国市场就改变营销战略，扩大目标市场，瞄准消费者直销市场。
1.1.2 状语从句后于主句译出。
由“till”, “until”连接的时间状语从句，在英语中经常放在主句之后。在汉语中，出于语用习惯的考虑，也应置于主句之后，从属连词“till”, “until”经常译作“直到”。 【例1】This doctrine will, in a11 probability, be gradually propagated, till it has votaries enough
27
to countenance an open avowal of it. （厦门大学，2008）
【译文】这种说法很可能逐渐得到传播，直到它获得足够的拥护而得以公开化。 【例2】He left these matters entirely to other ministers until some events suddenly drove him to intervene with devastating effect. （武汉大学2009）
【译文】他把这些事物全权交由其他部长处理，直到一些突发事件迫使他进行干预，并产生全然不同的效果。
1.2意译引导时间状语从句的从属连词
1.2.1从整个句意着手，对时间状语连词做出灵活的翻译。
【例1】Why learn to play the piano, when you can listen to the world’s greatest pianists in your own drawing-room? (中国地质大学，2007)
【译文】既然在自家客厅里就能欣赏到世界上最杰出的钢琴家的演奏，干嘛还要去学钢琴呢?
【评析】此句中when 被译成了“既然”，深得原文精髓，可谓神来之笔。
【例2】Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall. （上海海事大学2008）
【译文】只有生产总量增长率高于劳动力增长率与生产率增长率的总和，并且又低于年平均工作时间下降率，在这种情况下，失业率才会有所下降。
【评析】 考虑到原文中when 从句过长，译文用了一个衔接短语“在这种情况下”，使译文读者可以更轻松地理解原文，不失为一种有效的处理方法。 【例3】On the other hand, they would sell all this, whenever they had the chance to be a part of the far-off mass society.（南京师范大学，2007）
【译文】另外一方面，一旦有机会成为远方城里大众社会的一员，他们将卖掉这里的一切。 【评析】Whenever被译为“一旦”，符合原句的内在含义，是一种成功的选择。
1.2.2把时间状语从句译成独立的句子
【例1】All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the copper ball fell.
【译文】过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。 【评析】如把原句处理成一个句子，译句将显得啰嗦冗长，原句简洁爽利的特点将丧失殆尽。 【例2】 The whole tenor of his life was quiet and inoffensive, being principally passed about the neighboring streams, when the weather and season were favorable; and at other times he employed himself at home. （武汉大学，2007）
【译文】他的生活淡泊清静，与世无争。在风和日丽的宜人季节，他主要在附近的溪流边消磨时光，其他时日，则在家中忙碌。 【例3】 I was woken up by the noisy explosion of crackers close at hand and, from the faint glow shed by the yellow oil lamp and the bangs of fireworks as my uncle’s house-hold celebrated the sacrifice, I know that it must be clearly dawn. （南京航空航天大学，2007）
【译文】近在咫尺的爆竹声把我惊醒。看到油灯发出的微弱黄光，听到叔叔一家人祭祀时燃放的烟花声，我意识到清晨已至。
1.3摆脱原语结构的束缚，化整为零，从属连词省译。 有时时间状语从句的引导词在译文中可有可无，或者译出来反倒累赘，则需根据汉语中意合的特点，省译从属连词。
【例1】 Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The
28
pleasure of taking pains”. (TEM8, 2001)
【译文】罗伯特·弗罗斯特所谓的“苦中求乐”，亦有异曲同工之理。
【评析】时间状语从句引导词如果译出，反倒会影响原句意义的表达和译文的简洁地道。 【例2】They tramped through the wood for over two hours until they arrived at a deep stream. 【译文】他们步行两个多小时才穿过树林，来到一条深溪旁。
【评析】原句中的until 的主要作用是为了体现时间的先后顺序，故而在译句能明确体现时间顺序的前提下，完全可以省略对它的翻译，以求简洁明了。
【例3】As he talked Chou Enlai stood facing him, his head a little to one side as was his habit, listening intently until the story was told, and then questioning him. （东北财经大学，2008）
【译文】他娓娓而谈，周恩来则站在他面前，习惯性地侧着头，一直听到他把话说完，才提出问题。
【例4】 We should also see a decrease in the number of species as they compete with one another and unsuccessful species are eliminated. （中山大学，2006）
【译文】在这个竞争的过程中，物种数量会减少，而那些竞争力小的物种也将被淘汰。 【评析】译文把时间状语从句的前一半处理成短语，后一半变成主句，这在完全再现原句内涵的前提下，还符合了汉语表达意合的特点。 2. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句表示地点、方位，通常由where或wherever引导。 2.1 译出地点状语词where，wherever
【例1】He advised me to live where the air is fresher. 【译文】他建议我住到空气更新鲜的地方去。
【例2】Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible. 【译文】在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或是根本不可能的。
【例3】 Dung is in constant supply wherever there are farm animals and, when dried, it is convenient to store and use.（上海海事大学，2009）
【译文】在任何有家畜的地方，粪便都会源源不断，当其干燥之后，就便于储存使用。 【例4】In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send help wherever there is human suffering.
【译文】在和平时期，红十字会也应该向任何有人受难的地方提供帮助。
2.2 省略地点状语词的翻译
【例1】Where there is a will, there is a way. 【译文】有志者，事竟成。
【例2】Pat and I agreed that we should reduce the number of stewards and aides who surround a President wherever he goes. （东北财经大学，2007）
【译文】我和帕蒂（尼克松太太）都同意减少随行的管事和助手的人数。 【评析】地点状语从句译成了形容词短语，却尽显原文内涵。 3. 原因状语从句
3.1 先译原因状语从句，后译主句。
英语的原因状语从句通常位于主句之后，也有的位于主句之前，但翻译时一般将从句先译出。
【例1】As the economies in the west become more stable, I think non-economic, non-materialistic issues such as the environment will come more to the political fore. (山东师范大学，2008)
29
【译文】由于西方经济的日渐稳定，一些诸如环境之类的非经济、非物质的问题会被提上政治议程。
【例2】 Laptops aren‘t always a suitable replacement for desktop computer, since they can’t be expanded or modified easily should your computing need change. （中国人民大学，2004） 【译文】 膝上型计算机很难相应地扩大容量或做其他调整，因此有时用这类计算机来取代台式机也不太合适。
【例3】I‘m afraid that we can‘t solve the problem immediately because it is difficult and complicated to deal with.
【译文】这个问题盘根错节，恐怕一时难以解决。
3.2先译主句，后译原因状语从句。 只有在原意不强调原因，而作为附加信息说明原因的含义时，才可将原因状语从句放在主句之后译出。
3.2.1 直译原因状语从句引导词
【例1】Through that accident our dinner was not ready till late, but it didn‘t matter in the end because Knowles, who went to fetch it, got knocked down by a sea and the dinner went over the side.(TEM8, 1993)
【译文】由于出了这件事，午饭很晚才做好，其实早点晚点也没关系了，因为洛尔斯端饭时遇上一个浪头，站立不住，饭翻进了海里。
【评析】由于原句的原因只是附加说明，故主句先于从句译出。
【例2】But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
【译文】但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最远古的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
【例3】 Ranking is good in that it will lead to competition which will raise the overall teaching standards of schools.（国际关系学院，2009）
【译文】排名是件好事，因为它能产生竞争，而竞争可以全面提高各个学校的教学水平。 3.2.2 略译原因状语从句引导词
【例1】Integrity means you do what you do because it’s right and not just fashionable or politically correct.（南开大学，2004）
【译文】正直意味着你的所作所为均出于正义，而非为了追求时髦或出于政治目的。
【评析】对原因从句引导词的省略，不但使译文简洁明晰，朗朗上口，还符合汉语意合的原则。
【例2】Confidence is not something a few people are born with and others are not, for it is an acquired characteristic. （北京外国语大学，2008）
【译文】自信并不是少数人与生俱来而其他人天生缺乏的东西，它是经后天培养塑造的性格。
4. 目的状语从句
英语的目的状语从句常位于主句之后，这和汉语的表达习惯基本相同，一般可按原句序顺次译出，把从句译成“以便??”，“为的是??”，“以免??”， “为了（要）??”的句式。但在翻译需要强调目的的状语从句时，可以把它放在主句前译出。 4.1 前置法
【例1】 Bank tellers stack us face up so that they can look at George in the eye. （武汉理工大学，2009）
30