可数名词也可以是单数或复数(一般应用复数)。
Some of the boys like playing football. Do you have any English books? Yes.I have some.
Would you like some chicken?
Have you got any brothers and sisters? I met some girls I know. 2. no,none的用法
no只能作定语,修饰不可数名词和可数名词的单数或复数。no=not any
She has no sisters.
There is no water in the glass.
none的用法相当于名词的用法。指不可数名词时,后面用动词单数;指可数名词时,后面用动词复数,也可用动词单数。
None of the money is yours.
None of his friends ever comes/come to see him. 3.either,neither的用法
(1) either表示“两个中的任何一个”,neither表示“两个都不??”;neither是either的否定形式。两者在句中都可以作主语、宾语和定语。作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
Neither of them is correct.(主语)
Either Li or Wang wants to stop for a rest.(主语) (2)比较both,neither的不同
both表示“两个都”,neither表示“两个都不”。如: Both of them went.
上句的否定应是:Neither of them went. 注意:
在both and句型中,both后面和and后面的构成成分必须相同。 She is both gentle and kind.(同是形容词) He can both sing and dance.(同是名词) 4.other,another的用法
other(别的,其他的),可修饰单数或复数名词;the other指两者中另外一个;other是泛指另一些别的人或物;the others特指其余所有的人或物;another(另一个)表示泛指另外一个,只修饰单数名词。
I have two friends. One is a worker, and the other is a driver. The Great Wall is longer than any other wall in the world. If you don't like this shirt, you can choose another.
These' students often help one another in their studies of English. 5.both,all的用法
both指两个人或事物“全都??”;all指三个以上。在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语或同位语,当all作主语指人时,谓语动词用复数形式;当all作主语指物或情况时,谓语动词用单数。
All were silent. 大家都静默着。(指所有人) I have two brothers. They both get married.(指两个兄弟) 6. no,none,no one的用法
no(无),意思是not any(一点也没有)。如省去no后面的名词,可把no改为none.
none和no one都是全部否定。而no one语气比none强些。
none作主语指不可数名词(人或物)时,它后面的动词用单数;指可数名词时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数。但no one作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数。
none表示三者或三者以上当中的“任何一个也不”,往往用在固定的范围内,后面常带“of短语”;而no one则无此限制,后面一般不带“of短语”。 There are no students in the classroom now.(定语) None of your answers are( is) correct.(主语) I know none of you 7.one,ones的用法
one常用来代替前面出现过的可数名词,以免重复,复数形式是ones. This pen of mine doesn't write well. I think I have to buy a new one Every up train was full and most down ones were empty. 8. 复合不定代词的用法
some, any, no, every构成的复合代词表示单数概念,不能作定语,若被定语所 时,定语则放在他们的后面。
Someone is knocking at the door. Is there anything I can do for you?
There is nothing wrong with your watch. 三、形容词( Adjectives)和副词(Adverbs) (一)形容词和副词的比较级、最高级的构成 1.形容词比较级和最高级的规则构成(见表二) 构成规则 原级 low wide big 比较级 lower wider bigger 最高级 lowest widest biggest 一般加-er或-est 单音以e结尾的只加-r或-st 节词 一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾的,双写该辅音字母,再加-er或-est 以辅音字母y结尾,将y改为i,再加-er或-est happy happier easier narrower more famous more beautiful happiest easiest narrowest most famous most beautiful 以辅音字母加y结尾,同音单节easy 双音词 节词 以ow,er,le结尾的,同音单节词 narrow 其他的在前面加more和most 多音在前面加more和most 节词 famous beautiful 2.方式副词也遵循这些变化 hard-harder, hardest early-earlier. earliest
quickly---more quickly, most quickly serious---more serious, most seriously 3.形容词和副词的不规则变化 原级 ?good ?well bad 比较级 better worse 最高级 best worst ?many ?much far little more farther(further) less most farthest(furthest) least ·older-较老的,较旧的; elder-较年长的(一般不与than连用) oldest-最老的,最旧的;eldest-最年长的 ·farther-较远的;further-较深入的,进一步的
farthest-最远的(表示距离远近);furthest(不常用,表示程度等抽象概念) My home is farther away from our school than yours.我的家离学校比你家远。 Let's have a further discussion.我们进一步讨论一下: (二)形容词和副词在应用中应注意的几个重要问题 1.当几个形容词修饰一个名词时,其排列顺序是:
好坏、美丑等 +大小、新旧、颜色 +质地、属性+名词。例如: Mary's good small new dark brown leather bag.
2.和前缀a-组成的形容词只能作表语而不能做定语,这些形容词是,:afraid,alive,alike,alone, ashamed, asleep, awake等。
3.当被修饰的是以-thing,-one,-body结尾的不定代词时,作定语的形容词后置。 例如:
why don't you read something interesting?
4.用原级进行比较时,通常用as构成的句型:as…as,not as.... as,not so… as.注意一定要原级,勿用比较级。另外,在肯定结构中,禁用“so…as”.
5.两者比较只能用比较级,且比较级前需加定冠词the。句中常用有“of the two”之类的范围状语。例如:
Of the two sisters, she is more beautiful. 6.注意not和no有堂用法上的区别,
例如:He is not wiser than you.他没有你聪明。 He is no wiser than you.他和你一样不聪明。
“not wiser…than”表示than的前后两者都是肯定的,但有差距,前者不如后者,译成“不及”
“no wiser_ than”表示than的前后两者都是否定的,两者无差距,译成“与?...一样不”。
7.形容词最高级前不用定冠词the,大致有以下几种情况:
?形容词最高级作表语,无一定范围或同类事物作比较,只用来与本身作比较时,前面不加冠词。如:
The lake is deepest at this point.
?形容词最高级用来加强语气,有“非常、极其”的意思,前面不用the,有时可用不定冠词。如:
She was in closest touch with me. He is a most learned man.
?形容词最高级前面有物主代词或指示代词、名词所有格等限定修饰时,不再用the.如:
John's greatest wish is to become a pilot.
?当两个形容词最高级同时修饰一个名词时,后一个形容词最高级前通常省略the.如:
She is the youngest but tallest girl in her class. (三)比较级的一些特殊用法
1.表示“几倍于??”,用twice/three times”等+“as…as” The output of the steel works is now twice as high as it was in 1975. 这家钢厂的产量比1975年增加一倍。 Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
2.表示程度可用much,still,even,far,a little,no,any等状语来修饰形容词和副词的比较级.表示“更,??得多”
She's much better today. 她今天好多了。 I can't run any faster. 我不能跑得更快了。
3.“the+比较级??the+比较级”结构用以表示“越是??,就越??”
The harder you work,the more you will learn. 你越努力,学到的就越多。 The more we have, the more we want. 人欲无穷。 4.“比较级+ and+比较级”表示“越来越?”
The weather is getting colder and colder. 天气越来越冷。
He became less and less interested in English classes. 他对英语课越来越不感兴趣。 四、介词的用法差异
1.表示时间的介词,at, in, on, during, by, for,since,from
at表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间。如:at two o'clock,at sunrise筹。
in表示一天中的各部分时间或较长的时间。如:in the morning, in spring, in 1967, in April,in the 2lst century等。
on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午。如:on Sunday , on a beautiful sunny day , on Monday afternoon等。
during表示一段时间,强调时间的延续。如:during the Summer vacation, during World War I等。
by表示在某个时间以前,常和完成时态连用。 1 will have finished this job by the time you call me.
By the age of twenty, he had finished his study at the university.
2.表示方位的介词above,over,under, below,beneath,in,at,to,towards,for
(1)above和over都是“高于…….”,”在……上方”的意思,有时候可以交换使用。 The helicopter hovered above over us. Flag fluttered above/over our heads.
但over还可以表示“覆盖,接触”的意思 We put a rug over him.
There is a cloth over the desk.
(2) below相under都是“低于??”,“在??下方” “在??上方”的意思,但under 表示上方与下方的物体互相接触,而below则表示二者之间有空隙。
She put the letter under the pillow. The ice cracked under his feet. They live below us.
There is a boat below the bridge.
(3) beneath多用于抽象意义,但有时可以代替under. She married beneath her.她嫁给了社会地位比她低的人。
She thought it beneath her to tell lies.她认为说谎会降低她的身份。 (4) in表示较大的地方或场所,at表示较小的地方或场所,例如:
He arrived in London.
He arrived at the airport at 11.
(5) to,towards.for. to表示目的地,towards表示方向,for表示朝向??目标。例如, Tom traveled to New York by train. The boy ran towards his father. Tom is leaving for Australia. 五 、动词 (Verbs)
(一)动词的时态( Tenses)
1.一般现在时(The Present Indefinite)
(1) 一般现在时的形式
动词be:除第一人称单数(I)用am,第三人称单数用is外,其余一律用are. 动词have:除第三人称单数用has外,其余一律用have.
行为动词:除第三人称单数由动词原形加词尾-s或- es(其构成法和读音与名词复数相同)外,其余一概用动词原形。
行为动词一般现在时第三人称单数形式的词尾变化如下 情况 在一般情况下 在以ch,sh,s,x或O结尾的词后 在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词后 词尾变化 +s +es 变y为i+es 例词 reads,lives,works teaches,wishes,goes studies,tries,carries (2) 一般现在时的基本用法
①表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常与everyday, once a week,often.always,usually,sometimes,seldom等时间状语连用
He gets up at six every day. 他每天六点起床。
We go there once a week. 我们一星期去那里一次。 ②表示主语的特征、性格、能力等
He has great concern for others. 他很关心别人。 Does she like fish? 她喜欢吃鱼吗? ③表示客观事实或普遍真理
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 日出东方.日落西山。 Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。 Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国东方。 (3) 一般现在时的其他用法
①表示安排或计划好的将来的动作
The train starts at nine o'clock. 火车将在九点发车。 The plane takes off at five. 飞机将于五点起飞。 ②在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作 When you see him, please tell him to come back. 你见到他时,请告诉他让他回来。 If you fail,you should try again.
如果你失败了,你应当再试一次。
③表示在一个具体的现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态(即不是经常发生的动