2008-A06
西部地区中长期生态环境保护和建设
研究报告
课题主持人：宋乃公
课题组成员：李 飞 张 炜 黄桂林
中国投资协会 2009年 北 京
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目 录
一、西部地区生态环境建设具有重大意义··············································1 （一）西部地区生态环境基本情况··························································2 （二）西部地区生态环境存在的突出问题············································10 （三）加强西部地区生态环境保护与建设意义重大····························12 二、西部地区生态环境建设成效、经验和问题······································14 （一）西部地区生态环境保护与建设的成就和经验····························14 （二）西部地区生态环境建设面临的突出问题····································31 三、西部地区生态环境保护与建设的总体思路····································33 （一）指导思想························································································33 （二）基本原则························································································33 （三）总体思路························································································35 （四）主要目标························································································36 四、西部地区生态环境保护与建设的重点工程····································36 （一）“一横两纵”生态安全屏障建设工程·············································37 （二）“八大”生态建设工程·····································································37 （三）环保设施和地质灾害防治工程····················································39 五、西部地区中长期生态环境保护与建设的政策措施························40 （一）建立健全生态补偿机制································································40
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（二）科学编制西部地区生态环境保护与建设规划····························40 （三）完善生态功能区引导政策····························································41 （四）加强生态环境监管········································································41
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西部地区中长期生态环境保护和建设
研究报告
中国投资协会 二○○九年六月
生态环境保护与建设是西部大开发的主要内容，近10年来，国家先后在西部地区启动实施了一系列重大生态环境保护与建设工程，取得了显著成效。保护好生态环境是深入推进西部大开发的前提和基础，正确认识西部地区现状，认真总结西部大开发以来生态环境保护与建设的成功经验和面临的突出问题，研究西部地区中长期生态环境保护与建设的思路，提出相应的建设工程和政策措施，有利于加强西部地区生态环境保护，为进一步推进西部大开发奠定较好基础。
一、西部地区生态环境建设具有重大意义
西部地区处于我国地形三大阶梯的第一阶梯和第二阶梯，自然条件相对恶劣，大部分区域生态环境十分脆弱，对全国乃至于整个亚洲的生态系统演变具有重要影响。由于全球气候变化和过度人类活动的影响，西部地区生态承载力下降，生态系统极易退化。因此，加强西部地区生态环境保护，不仅是西部地区经济社会发展的重要前提，对促进我国可持
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续发展也具有十分重要的意义。
（一）西部地区生态环境基本情况
1、西部地区自然地理概况。西部地区包括重庆、四川、贵州、云南、西藏、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆、内蒙古、广西和新疆生产建设兵团，国土面积686.74万平方公里。西南孟加拉湾水汽北上受青藏高原阻挡，北方接近亚洲大陆腹地一带沙漠与绿洲交替分布。除藏东南、云贵川及新疆西部外，大部分地区气候干旱。总体上看，西部地区海拔高差大，气候条件差异显著，温度变化比较复杂，降水受地形影响，西北部干旱少雨，西南部温湿多雨，青藏高原寒冷少氧。其中，北疆—内蒙古西部属温带干旱区，多年平均降雨量在100—300mm；南疆塔里木盆地等为暧温带干旱区，多年平均降雨量不到50mm；青藏高原腹地年平均气温低于0℃，比东部同纬度地区低10～15℃，高原东部降水量在500mm以上；云贵高原为亚热带夏湿冬干气候，多年平均降雨量在1000mm左右；陕甘宁地区属于半湿润半干旱区，多年平均降雨量为400mm左右；川渝桂地区属亚热带湿润气候，降水量1000～1500mm。
2、西部地区主要生态系统类型的基本情况。西部地区地域辽阔，自然地理状况复杂，生态系统类型多样，主要生态系统类型为草地生态系统、森林生态系统、农田与荒漠生态系统和湿地生态系统。
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