III英汉语篇模式差异对英语写作的影响
英语写作能力是英语学习者必须掌握的技能之一，是英语交际能力的重要体现。越来越多的大学生已经意识到英语写作的重要性。近年来，我国大学生的英语写作水平虽然有所提高，但是由于大部分人不甚了解英语语篇模式，而且深受汉语语篇模式的影响，他们写出的英语文章，虽然不存在遣词造句问题，也没有严重的语法错误，但读起来总觉得没有地道英文所具有的那种“洋味”。其表现在：1）讲述一个论点时，拐弯抹角，迟迟不切入主题，缺少地道英文直截了当的特点；2）总是围绕所议的主题进行论述，缺少地道英文观点明确和主题突出的特点。许多中外学者也都注意到了这一点。例如王墨希先生在其《中国学生英语语篇思维模式调查》一文中说到，中国学生的思维模式具有隐伏性的特点。他对六个组（非英语专业中没有学过英语写作的本科生、硕士生和学过一些英语写作的本科生和硕士生，英语专业中一年级、三年级和四年级学生）180篇中国学生的英语作文分析，其中有66.11%的作文属于隐伏性，即“阐述时不从主题入手，直接说明，而是用各方面的情况和问题给予暗示或明示”。Andy Kirkpatrick也研究了中国学生写的40封英文信，认为中国学生的英文书信写法太拐弯抹角，离题太多。
对我们中国学生来说，要写出符合西方人口味的、地道的英文文章或书信，就必须转换一种思维方式和习惯，摆脱汉语语篇模式的束缚，正确使用英语语篇模式。 IV重视英语语篇模式教学，提高学生英语写作水平
通过以上对英汉语篇模式的对比分析，我们可以看到：英语语篇呈“直线型”的逻辑特征，汉语语篇呈“螺线形”的逻辑特征。中国学生之所以写不出地道的英文文章，其中的一个主要原因就是不甚了解英语语篇的这种“直线型”特征。为了培养学生良好的英语思维习惯，提高学生的英语写作水平，在英语教学中，教师必须重视英语语篇模式的教学。具体做法可以是：1) 结合英语精读课的讲授，有意识地向学生介绍英语语篇模式 2) 进行英汉语篇模式对比分析，让学生了解英汉语篇模式的差异 3) 加强对学生英语写作的训练和指导
教师可经常结合课文中所出现的相关语段进行语篇分析，向学生布置相应的写作练习并仔细批阅，然后再向学生提供具有规范模式的范文，以便使学生达到对英语语篇模式的内化。 连接词
I表示转折的连接词:
当要介绍与已提出的观点相对立的观点时，经常会用到：however, but, although 和
nevertheless。 However
◆ 用来连接两句话。 ◆ 不一定只出现在句首。 ◆ 通常后面加逗号。
e.g. The main purpose of a university is to teach knowledge. However, skills such as teamwork and effective communication are also important.
The main purpose of a university is to teach knowledge; however, skills such as teamwork and effective communication are also important.
The main purpose of a university is to teach knowledge. Skills such as teamwork and effective communication, however, are also important. But
◆ 用来连接两句话。 ◆ 通常出现在句首。 ◆ 通常后面不加逗号。
e.g. Students study at university to gain knowledge. But employers also want people who can work in a team and communicate effectively.
Students study at university to gain knowledge, but employers also want people who can work in a team and communicate effectively.
Although (in spite of sth./but e.g. I think she?s going to apply for the job, although I?m not sure.) ◆ 用来连接两句话。 ◆ 通常出现在句首。 ◆ 通常后面不加逗号。
e.g. Although genetic research can bring many benefits to society, the danger is that it could be used for less peaceful purposes.
Genetic research can bring many benefits to society, although the danger is that it could be used for less peaceful purposes. 比较though 和although ◆ 用来连接两句话。 ◆ 不一定只出现在句首。 ◆ 通常后面加逗号。
e.g. It can be argued that China?s open door policy is negatively affecting Chinese culture. Nevertheless, the social and economic benefits far outweigh any disadvantages.
It can be argued that China?s open door policy is negatively affecting Chinese culture; nevertheless, the social and economic benefits far outweigh any disadvantages. II表示强调重要信息的连接词:
当考生阐述自己的观点时，可以通过使用in fact或者indeed等连接词来强调重要信息。 In fact
? 用来强调重要信息。 ? 不一定只出现在句首。 ? 通常后面加逗号。
e.g. There appears to be a growing interest in the Asian market. In fact, more and more foreign owned companies are setting up business in countries such as China.
There appears to be a growing interest in the Asian market; in fact, more and more foreign owned companies are setting up business in countries such as China. Indeed
? 用来强调重要信息。 ? 必须出现在句首。 ? 通常后面加逗号。
e.g. Many companies are located on the outskirts of big cities. Indeed, employers may spend several hours each week commuting to work.
Many companies are located on the outskirts of big cities; indeed, employers may spend several hours each week commuting to work. III表示结果的连接词:
当考生阐述自己的观点时，可以用as a result, because of this, therefore 等连接词介绍可能产生的结果。
As a result, Because of this, As a consequence ? 用来表示已发生或正在发生的结果。 ? 通常后面加逗号。
e.g. I began using a computer about 10 years ago. As a result/As a consequence, whilst I can work more efficiently, I actually have less leisure time.
Using a computer enables me to do considerably more work in a relatively short time. But because of this I find life much more stressful. Therefore
? 用来表示已发生或正在发生的结果。 ? 通常后面加逗号。 ? 不一定只出现在句首。
e.g. The dollar has gone down against the yen; therefore, Japanese goods are more expensive for Americans.
The dollar has gone down against the yen. Therefore, Japanese goods are more expensive for Americans. IV表示列举的连接词:
在英语中有个不成文的规定，即：一个句子中所列举的事物不能超过三个, 即“事不过三”原则。在列举事物时常用到下列短语：for instance, for example, such as 和 including。 请对比下面两个例句：
× Modern transport is cheap, convenient, safe, efficient, comfortable and easy to use.
√ Modern transport has many advantages. For example, it is cheap, convenient and easy to use. 上例中第一句在描述现代交通时使用了过多的形容词，而第二句中只点出现代交通的三项优点，符合“事不过三”原则。另外还需要注意的是，在学术类文章中要避免使用“etc.”，可用for example, such as或者 and so on 来代替。 For instance, For example ◆ 用在所列举的事物前面。 ◆ 可以引起一个新的句子。 ◆ 通常后面加逗号。
e.g. Environmental pollution is a serious problem. For instance/For example, the pollution from factories can pollute rivers, harm sea life which can have a negative effect on people?s health.
Such as，Including
◆ 用在所列举的事物的前面。
◆ 不能引起独立的句子，只能存在于句子之中。 ◆ 后面通常接名词或者动词的“ing”形式。 ◆ 后面不加逗号。
e.g. Much can be done to protect the environment, including/such as planting sustainable forests, encouraging the use of public transport and educating people. Namely
◆ 用在所列举的事物的前面。
◆ 不能引起独立的句子，只能存在于句子之中。 ◆ 后面通常接名词或者动词的“ing”形式。 ◆ 后面不加逗号。 ◆ 列举所有项目。
e.g. There are 3 colors in the British flag, namely red, white and blue. V表示并列/递进的连接词:
如果想要给句子增加信息量，可以使用如下词语： and, also, as well (as), additionally, in addition, furthermore 和moreover。 当考生要给句子增加信息量，可以： ◆ 将两句话合并成一句。 ◆ 连接两句话。
e.g. √ Public transport is very convenient. It is also cheap.
√ Public transport is very convenient and cheap. √ Public transport is very convenient. It is cheap as well. √ Public transport is very convenient. Additionally, it is cheap. √ Public transport is very convenient. Moreover, it is cheap. √ Public transport is very convenient. It is, moreover, also cheap. √ Public transport is very convenient. Furthermore, it is cheap. And, Also, As well (as)
◆ 不一定只出现在句子的开头部分。 ◆ 后面不加逗号。
e.g. Many students as well as/and teachers agree that education should be free for everyone. Additionally, In addition ◆ 通常后面加逗号。 ◆ 通常出现在句首。 ◆ 用在正式文体中。
e.g. Planting more trees can greatly improve the environment. Additionally/In addition, the recycling of paper can reduce the destruction of rain forests. Moreover
◆ 不一定要用在句首。 ◆ 通常后面加逗号。 ◆ 用在正式文体中。
e.g. Planting more trees can greatly improve the environment. Moreover, the recycling of paper can reduce the destruction of rain forests. Furthermore ◆ 通常出现在句首。 ◆ 通常后面加逗号。 ◆ 用于正式文体中。
e.g. Modern working pressure is far greater than it used to be because of the distance people have to travel to work. Additionally / In addition /Moreover /Furthermore, people are expected to do more work in the same amount of time. 3. Task design
主要以问答和讨论的形式为主 6课时
V. Assignments