Exercise 1-15
VII. Reference Material
《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析1》外语教学与研究出版社、剑桥大学出版社 《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析2》外语教学与研究出版社、剑桥大学出版社 《剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析3》外语教学与研究出版社、剑桥大学出版社 《雅思攻略系列丛书雅思考试（IELTS）学术类高分作文详解》复旦大学出版社
Chapter Three
学术类Task 2:论说文写作
I. Teaching Objectives
On completion of this Chapter, students should be able to: fulfill Task 2 successfully
II. The Points to Be Highlighted
第一步：简化、分析题目（Simplify and analyze the question）
通常Task 2 的题目由两部分组成: 第一部分是背景资料，第二部分才是真正的问题。 第二步：构思文章 (Think about the answer) 第三步：列出提纲 (Plan the answer) 第四步：检查文章（Check the answer）
III. Teaching Approaches and Facilities
Approaches: 1. Discussion 2. Questions and answers
Facilities: blackboard; on-line research;
IV. Teaching Procedures and Contents
1. Lead-in
总结学生的作文，讨论学生犯的错误。 2. Specific Contents
第一步：简化、分析题目（Simplify and analyze the question）
通常Task 2 的题目由两部分组成: 第一部分是背景资料，第二部分才是真正的问题。 通过研究背景资料,考生能够更好地理解题目,并且易于收集与题目相关的论点。 考生提出的观点十分关键，因为它将关系到整篇文章的质量。 为了避免文章跑题，考生最好在动笔之前留出1-2分钟简化并分析题目。 例子：
Topic: There is a general trend, worldwide, for people to move from the countryside to the cities. In spite of that, the developed world insists that developing countries should go against this trend.
Countries that send aid to the Third World should not insist that their aid be invested in the development of rural areas.
可能有些考生对人口流动这一现象并不了解，但是在雅思考试中常会出现考生所不了解的题目。这种情况下，考生需要简化一下给出的题目。首先，考生应该知道在这个题目中, “ the developed world” 指的就是 “countries that send aid” , “developing countries” 就是 “the Third World” ，而 “rural areas” 就是 “countryside” 。那么，“Countries that send aid to the Third World should not insist that their aid be invested in the development of rural areas.” 也就可以简化为 “The developed world insist that developing countries use their aid to develop the countryside.” 而考生需要讨论的就是Should (or should not) the developed world insist that aid be used to develop the countryside? 经过这样的简化，考生就知道该从何谈起了。 例子：
Nuclear power is far too dangerous. Therefore, countries should ban its use and concentrate, instead, on developing alternative sources of energy such as hydroelectric power, wind power and solar energy.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
在简化问题时，建议考生首先将题目中的重要信息划线，因为这将有助于考生掌握题目的关键点。在标出重要信息之后，考生可以用自己的话重新改编题目，以便更好地理解题目。 上例中的题目可简化为：Because nuclear power is so dangerous, countries should use safer methods of producing electricity.
经过改题，作文题目更加清楚易懂。有时省略背景资料部分。
e.g. Some people think universities should provide knowledge and skills related to future career; others think the true function of the university is to give access to knowledge for its own sake. What is your pinion of the main function of the university?
Individuals can do nothing to improve the environment, only governments and large companies can make a difference. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
A类问题和B类问题
在简化题目之后，考生可将Task 2的题目大致分为两大类。本书暂且称之为A类问题和B类问题。
A类问题通常具有争论性，人们对它可能持肯定或否定的答案。这类问题需要考生写一篇议论文作为回答。在文中，考生的观点和看法至关重要，因为这反映了考生对于这个具有争论性的问题的理解，而且考生一定要明确表述自己的观点（肯定的或是否定的），而不能含
糊其词。
B类问题不太强调考生一定要有自己的观点，而是要求考生对某个题目进行描述说明，或探究其原因。这类问题需要考生写一篇说明文作为回答 B类例子： Question 1
Describe some of the problems that overpopulation causes, and suggest at least one possible solution. Question 2
Discuss the causes and some effects of widespread drug use by young people in modern day society. Make any recommendations you feel are necessary to help fight youth drug abuse. 第二步：构思文章 (Think about the answer)
构思可以帮助考生收集素材，而且还可以帮助他们发展创造性的思维技巧。在构思文章时，有如下四种方式可供考生选择： (1) 联想—问答式：
所谓的联想－问答式是指在构思文章时考生要根据题目问自己几个问题，即：事件
（what）,时间（when），原因（why）,如何发生（how），地点（where），主要人物（who）等。最后最好再加上一个选择式疑问句，来问问自己有了这么多论点后，到底最后赞成哪一个观点。然后根据具体情况回答这些问题，在回答的同时也就为本篇文章提供了素材。 例子：
问题 答案
Why is the nuclear power dangerous? The nuclear radiation is harmful to
people?s health.
The nuclear pollution may put people?s life into peril. There was a nuclear accident in the former Soviet
Union.
What are the benefits of using nuclear It is more efficient，and doesn?t use power? natural resources.
It is clean and cheap.→People have more
money.
What are the disadvantages of the nuclear If we don?t deal with the nuclear waste power? properly, it is very dangerous.
What are the advantages of developing They are very clean and don?t use fossil fuels. the alternative sources of energy? The alternative sources are sustainable resources. They are very safe.
What are the disadvantages of Developing them may need rather developed developing the alternative sources economies.
of energy?
If we develop wind power, it may cause
much noise and need large areas of land.
Do you agree or disagree on developing
the alternative sources of energy? No, I disagree. (2) 随意写式：
当考生不知从何写起，头脑一片空白时，这种随意写式会提供帮助。这种方式的特点是，考生写文章时不必为可能出现的语法错误、标点错误、拼写错误而担忧，因为这只是草稿，不是考官最后阅读的文章，而且由于不用担心发生错误，思维停顿次数可以减少，写出的文章比较流畅、连贯。
在五分钟内，考生可以随意写，尽可能多地写，这时如果不知该用哪个词，或者思维出现停顿时，可以用“…”或者“—”等符号来做标记。 例子：
There are, of course, many dangers associated with the use of nuclear energy. However, modern technology ensures the dangers are minimal, and they are far outweighed by the benefits it can bring to an economy.
A well-known nuclear accident has happened in the former Soviet Union. For the people there it seemed like a big disaster. Also nuclear power may bring much nuclear waste which is rather harmful to people?s health. But all those may be due to our improper treatment. We believe our modern and much developed technology can ensure the dangers are minimal. And from my point of view, the nuclear power has much more advantages than the alternative sources if energy. Nuclear power is much cheaper than the alternative sources of energy. So people can get much cheaper electricity and save more money which can be used for education. Moreover, nuclear power doesn?t use natural resources, which is good for the environment. However, if we want to develop the alternative sources of energy, we must have a much more developed economies and also may need global effort. Also for example, developing wind power needs large areas of land and may bring noise pollution.
For all the reasons above, with a proper treatment to the nuclear power, developing nuclear power is much better. (3) 罗列式：
当考生头脑中已经有许多素材时，我们建议采用罗列式。罗列和题目有关的素材时, 可以先不用考虑这些素材的重要性。这种罗列式可以帮助考生找到足够多的素材。 例子： nuclear power:
doesn?t use natural resources clean & cheap