名师大讲堂 - 自考英语语法知识精讲(3)

2019-03-23 12:04

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(http://tieba.http://www.wodefanwen.com//club/5346389)欢迎?加入...欢迎?交流...止不住的惊喜等着你......... 【强化练习】

将下列句子译成汉语

1) He told me that he would see me off at the station. 2) I asked her where she would spend her holiday. 3) They were going to have a meeting.

4) I was about to go out when a friend of mine dropped in. 5) They were to visit the White House that afternoon. 【练习解析】

1) 他告诉我他要到车站给我送行。 2) 我问她将在什么地方度假。 3) 他们当时正要开会。

4) 我刚要出去,这时我的一个朋友来了。 5) 他们计划那天下午参观白宫。 【巩固练习】(八)

用所给动词的适当时态填空

1) Who __ (invent) the world’s first computer?

2) Language teachers often __ (offer) advice to language learners.

3) Go out and get some fresh air! You __ (sit) there reading all morning.

4) The waiter soon __(bring) him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook his head. 5) Since his father died three years ago, he __ (not, pay) any taxes. 6) Mary told me that she __ (see) you before.

7) When I entered the lab, she __ (make) an experiment.

8) My father went to Shenzhen in 1988 and he __ (work) there ever since. 9) “What are you doing now?” “I __(prepare) my lessons for the final exam.” 10) What __ (happen) here? There is blood on the floor.

第二讲【巩固练习】(五)答案

1. 判断下列各句的时态:

1)现在完成进行时; 2)现在进行时; 3)现在完成时; 4)一般现在时; 5)现在完成时;

2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空

1) have been looking; 2) sings / is singing; 3) have not finished; 4) is learning;

5) drinks / is drinking; 【巩固练习】(六)

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6)一般现在时;

7)现在完成进行时; 8)现在进行时; 9)一般现在时;

10)现在完成进行时。 6) has passed; 7) have spoken;

8) has been sleeping; 9) watches;

10) have not seen。

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(http://tieba.http://www.wodefanwen.com//club/5346389)欢迎?加入...欢迎?交流...止不住的惊喜等着你......... 1. 判断下列各句的时态:

1)过去完成进行时; 6)过去完成时; 2)过去进行时; 7)一般过去时; 3)过去完成时; 8)过去完成进行时; 4)一般过去时; 9)过去进行时; 5)一般过去时; 10)过去完成时。 2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空

1) were doing; 6) did not pass / had not prepared; 2) saw / had done; 7) seemed / saw; 3) had begun; 8) found / was digging; 4) had been doing; 9) had learned; 5) shared / were; 10) had been working。 【巩固练习】(七)

1. 判断下列各句的时态:

1)一般将来时; 6)一般将来时; 2)将来完成时; 7)一般将来时; 3)一般将来时; 8)将来进行时; 4)将来进行时; 9)一般将来时 5)将来完成时; 10)将来完成时。 2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空

1) will believe; 6) will not do; 2) will have returned; 7) will have closed; 3) is wondering; 8) will be picking; 4) will go; 9) will be flying; 5) will have started; 10) will have completed。【巩固练习】(八)

用所给动词的适当时态填空

1) invented; 6) had seen; 2) offer; 7) was making; 3) have been sitting; 8) has been working; 4) brought; 9) am preparing; 5) has not paid; 10) has happened。

第三讲 谓语(二) 语态 (Voice)

【语法讲解】 一、形式

汉语里, 我们会听到类似这样的句子: 1)“我打他了。” 2)“他被我打了。”

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(http://tieba.http://www.wodefanwen.com//club/5346389)欢迎?加入...欢迎?交流...止不住的惊喜等着你......... 这两个句子表达的是同样的内容,但第一句强调的是“是我打的他”,而第二句强调的是“是他挨打了”。两个句子的侧重点有所不同。第一句“我”是主语,谓语“打”这个动作是“我”发出的,所以第一句在语法上叫做“主动语态”;第二句“他”是主语,“他”是“打”这个动作的承受者,所以第二句在语法上叫做“被动语态”。与之相对应的英语译文是:

1)I beat him.

2) He was beaten by me.

汉语里的被动语态是通过“被”字体现的,而英语中,被动语态是通过 “be+及物动词的过去分词”的这一形式体现出来的。以动词do为例,常用的被动语态的各种时态的形式如下: 一般 进行 完成 现在时 is (am, are) done 过去时 was (were) done 将来时 will (shall) be done _____ 过去将来时 would (should) be done _____ is (am, are) being was (were) being done done have (has) been had been done _____ _____ done 【特别提醒】 1) 被动语态中,助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。 2) 能够在被动语态中使用的动词必须是“及物动词”,因为只有及物动词才有宾语,才

能将其宾语转换为被动语态句中的主语。

3) 在被动语态句中,通常不用指出动作的执行者。如果有必要指出,则在句末用介词by

+代表动作执行者的名词或代词来表示。

【强化练习】

判断下列被动语态句的时态

1) Cars are seen everywhere in cities. 2) The work was finally finished.

3) Mary will be invited to dinner tonight. 4) The window has been broken.

5) The classroom is being cleaned by the students. 6) The house had been repaired before he came back.

7) He said that no water would be brought to the river if there was no rain. 8) The program was being broadcasted when he cooked. 【练习解析】

判断被动语态句的时态主要以助动词be的变化为依据。因此:

1句中are说明本句是一般现在时; 5句中is being说明本句是现在进行时; 2句中was说明本句是一般过去时; 6句中had been说明本句是过去完成时; 3句中will be说明本句是一般将来时; 7句中would be说明本句是过去将来时; 4句中has been说明本句是现在完成时; 8句中was being说明本句是过去进行时。 二、主动语态向被动语态的转换

主动语态向被动语态的转换可以分为三步: 1) 确定句子的主、谓、宾;

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(http://tieba.http://www.wodefanwen.com//club/5346389)欢迎?加入...欢迎?交流...止不住的惊喜等着你......... 2) 确定句子的时态;

3) 将主动语态句中的宾语转换为被动语态句中的主语,并要求被动语态句中的助动词be

在人称和数上与之保持一致。被动语态句的时态与原句一致,原句的谓语动词要变为过去分词放在助动词be之后。

例如:

People keep all the books in good order in the library.

1) 句子的主语是people,谓语是keep,宾语是all the books; 2) 句子的时态是一般现在时;

3) 将主动语态句的宾语all the books用作被动语态句的主语,助动词be变为一般现在时are,

将keep变为过去分词kept。动作执行者people在被动语态句中可以省略。 所以,这句话的被动语态的形式为:

All the books are kept in good order in the library. 再例如:

The police asked each of them about the accident.

1) 句子的主语是the police,谓语是asked,宾语是each of them; 2) 句子的时态是一般过去时;

3) 将主动语态句的宾语each of them用作被动语态句的主语,助动词be变为一般过去时was,

ask的过去分词是asked。动作的执行者the police可以放在句末,通过介词短语by the police来表示。

所以,这句话的被动语态的形式为:

Each of them was asked about the accident by the police. 【特别提醒】

1) 含有情态动词的被动语态的结构构成是:情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词。例如:

Bad things sometimes can be turned into good things.

2) 短语动词(即动词+介词或副词等)应作为一个整体看待,变为被动语态时不能丢掉构成

短语动词的介词或副词等。例如:

The children have been taken good care of by the nurse.

3) 主动语态中若是有双宾语,变被动语态结构时,只将其中一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语

不变。例如: I gave him a watch.

在这个句子中有两个宾语,him(间接宾语)和a watch(直接宾语)。可以选择间接宾语him作被动语态中的主语,则这句话的被动语态为:He was given a watch by me. 或者选择直接宾语a watch作被动语态中的主语,则这句话的被动语态为:A watch was given to him.

注意:当直接宾语用作被动语态的主语时,后面保留的间接宾语前有时要加一个介词to。 【强化练习】

将下列句子改为被动语态

1) Someone had cleaned the window.

2) We use the room only on special occasions. 3) They were starting a new system.

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4) You must finish the homework before 9. 5) Somebody has already told him to come.

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(http://tieba.http://www.wodefanwen.com//club/5346389)欢迎?加入...欢迎?交流...止不住的惊喜等着你......... 【练习解析】

1) 句子的主语是someone,谓语是had cleaned,宾语是the window;句子的时态是过去完成

时;将主动语态句的宾语the window用作被动语态句的主语,助动词be变为过去完成时had been,clean的过去分词为cleaned,动作执行者someone在被动语态句中可以省略。 所以,这句话的被动语态的形式为:The window had been cleaned.

2) 句子的主语是we,谓语是use,宾语是the room;句子的时态是一般现在时;将主动语态

句的宾语the room用作被动语态句的主语,助动词be变为一般现在时is,use的过去分词为used,动作执行者we在被动语态句中可以省略。

所以,这句话的被动语态的形式为:The room is only used on special occasions. 3) 句子的主语是they,谓语是were starting,宾语是a new system;句子的时态是过去进行时;

将主动语态句的宾语a new system用作被动语态句的主语,助动词be变为过去进行时was being,start的过去分词为started,动作执行者they在被动语态句中可以省略。 所以,这句话的被动语态的形式为:A new system was being started.

4) 句子的主语是you,谓语是must finish,宾语是the homework;句子中由于出现了情态助动

词must,所以不考虑其时态;将主动语态句的宾语the homework用作被动语态句的主语,助动词be在情态动词must后仍为原形be,finish的过去分词为finished,动作执行者you在被动语态句中可以省略。

所以,这句话的被动语态的形式为:The homework must be finished before 9.

5) 句子的主语是somebody,谓语是has already told,宾语是him;句子的时态是现在完成时;

将主动语态句的宾语him用作被动语态句的主语,助动词be变为现在完成时has been,tell的过去分词为told,动作执行者somebody在被动语态句中可以省略。 所以,这句话的被动语态的形式为:He has already been told to come. 三、被动语态的用法

被动语态常用于以下情况:

1) 我们不知道谁是动作的执行者。例如:

His car was stolen last week.一个星期前他的汽车被盗了。 2) 我们认为没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者。例如:

TV ads are usually repeated over and over again. 电视广告通常一遍又一遍地重复播放。 如果需要指出被动语态句中动作的执行者,则用介词by+代表动作执行者的名词或代词。例如:

The window has been cleaned by Mary. 【巩固练习】(九)

1.将下列句子改为被动语态,并根据情况保留或去掉动作的执行者 1) They will say nothing more about this

matter.

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2) They have made some flowers of silk. 3) He wrote a poem.


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