Grammar 动词时态和语态 1.一般现在时
一般现在时表示格言、科学事实或客观真理等,用在条件状语从句和时间状语从句中表示将来时间。常见引导词有:
when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/instant/ minute, the day, 条件: if, unless, provided, when.
用在表示“务必做到”等含义的see (to it), make sure, make certain等结构的that 从句中。 2. 现在进行时
表示一个在最近计划或安排要进行的动作,仅限于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, play, have, wear 等动词。
与always, forever, continually, constantly等词连用,可表示重复的动作,往往带有说话人的感情色彩,表示不满。若用在be being + adj.句式中则表示该特征不是主语往常具备的,是一时的表现。 不能用于进行时的动词 1. 2.
表示感知的动词:hear, see, taste, smell, feel, notice, recognize
表示意愿,情感的动词:like, love, adore, prefer, care, dislike, hate, fear, want,
desire, refuse, wish, hope, forgive, respect, intend, despise 3.
表示思考等精神活动的动词:feel, believe, understand, perceive, suppose,
mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, forget, appreciate 4.
表示所有,占用的动词:belong to, own, include, owe, possess, hold(容
纳),contain, consist of
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5. 其他动词:appear, seem, cost, concern, deserve, matter, exist, resemble, need,
differ, represent, result(导致), lie(位于), stand(位于), remain等
3. 现在完成体
在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never 等副词做状语时,常用现在完成体;动作发生在过去,持续到现在才完成或有可能继续下去,通常与for和since连接的时间状语连用;如果主语是一般将来时,由as soon as, after, before, till/until, when, if等引出的状语从句常用现在完成体表示将来完成的动作,在下面这些表达方式后常用现在完成体:
This (That/It) is the first (second/third, etc.)…/ This (That/ It) is the only …/ This(That/It)is the best (finest/worst/ most interesting etc.)…// …is said/ reported/known to…(若表达过去发生的事情) 4. 现在完成进行体
表示动作从过去某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在,可能刚刚停止或现在进行,强调动作延续的长久。过去完成进行体表示动作从过去某一时刻开始,一直持续到过去另一时刻,那时动作可能刚完成也可能仍在进行。将来完成时表示将来某时刻完成的动作,一般连接由by the time…, by the end of …,when 等引出的时间状语。将来完成进行时表示一个持续到将来某一时间的动作,那时可能还要进行下去。 5. 将来时
will/shall 泛指将来,但will还可以表示一种必然趋势或固有特性;be going to 指人时着重于打算,指事时表示有迹象要发生的情况;be to do表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作,人们的意志能控制的;be about to 表示即将发生的动作,或自然
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发展即将产生的结果。It’s going to rain. We are to meet at the station at 5.
6.将来进行时shall/will be doing 表示将来某个时候正在进行的动作。此外,将来进行时还可以表示某种可能和推测,有“我料想,我估计”之意。 She will not be coming here today.
被动语态
当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,用被动语态;如果宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,在被动语态中,主语补足语的不定式必须带to,在want,need, desire, require和形容词worth+doing后动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 虚拟语气
1. 虚拟式用于非真实条件句时的构成
1) 与现在事实相反, 从句谓语动词用动词过去式(be为were), 主句谓语动词用Would (should, could, might)+动词原形
2) 与过去事实相反, 从句谓语动词用动词的过去完成式(had done), 主句谓语动词用Would(should,could ,might)+have+动词过去分词
3) 与将来事实相反, 从句谓语动词用 a.动词过去式(be为were), b. were+不定式 c. should+动词原形,主句谓语动词用 would (should,could, might)+动词原形
例句: If I had time, I would go to the movies with you.
If we hadn’t made adequate preparations, the conference wouldn’t have been so successful.
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If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off. 2. 混合虚拟式
If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now. If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night. -Were I you, I woudn’t have missed the film last night.
3. 有些句子从表层结构上看无if引导的非真实条件句, 但从深层意思上看是存在的。主句动词仍需用虚拟式。 Without, but for, otherwise, but that, But for your help, they couldn’t have succeeded.
She wasn’t feeling well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early. 4. 用于其他句式的虚拟式
A名词性从句中若含有表示“命令、建议、请求、意愿、主张、目的“等意义的词时,需使用虚拟语气,通常用(should) +动词原形的形式。
分类 表示命令 表示请求 表示建议 动词 Order, command, demand, ask Ask, request, require, instruct, Suggest, advise, propose, recommend 表示希望、决定、安排等 Desire, insist, assume, decide, arrange
分类 表示命令 Order, 名词 command, demand, instruction 4
表示请求 表示建议 Request, requirement Suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion 表示希望、遗憾等 Desire, assumption, necessity, insistence, understanding, instruction, resolution, shame, pity The suggestion that we should wait for … The suggestion is that we should wait for…. 分类 形容词和过去分词(通常用 ―it be+形容词/过去分词+ that‖句型 表示命令 Imperative, commanded, ordered 表示请求 Asked, desired 表示建议 Advisable, recommended requested, required, obligatory, 表示希望、重要、惊异、失望Desirable, insistent, important, 等 necessary, essential, vital, urgent, appropriate, proper, right, good, better, preferable, strange, incredible, amazing, astonishing, 5