议论文写法
指导教师：曲兆梅 讲座人：51中 宋彦 一 什么是议论文
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。
二 议论文三要素: 论点、论据和论证。
论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义； 论据的基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型； 论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。
议论文的一般结构方式是：提出问题、分析问题、解决问题。 三议论文：段落布局 准确命题，体现观点。
Paragraph 1开头点题,引出下文.第一段的结尾句要表明观点. Paragraph 2针对自己的观点,至少提出三个论据来支持第一段的观点.
Paragraph 3重申观点，阐明主题。结尾段的表达应当是整篇文章的升华,结尾句尽量用精彩语句加以总结.。
四 体裁判断 判断体裁的最好方法是找体眼，也就是找最后一句话。学生可根据应不应该，谈一谈你的看法和感想。来判断此类文章都属于议论文的范畴。 五 如何写开头段落
开门见山，引出话题是应该还是不应该，观点要明确，不能摸棱两可,写作时常用..In my opinion, we should….I think.引出观点. 一般来说，把论点写在篇首或段首，能起到纲举目张的效果，读来更容易把握文章思路. 例如：遇到困难我们应不应该退缩或放弃
As the saying goes, “ Life is not all roses.” We may often come across many difficulties in our lives. I think it’s important for us to face and overcome the difficulties. We should never give up. 如何写主体
1第二段的论据要围绕来why展开，而不是how。三个论证要逐层递进，每个论点之间至少有两三句话作为论据. 例如：我们在成长的过程中，是否应该拥有梦想？ First, if we have our own dreams, we’ll know what our dreams are. Keep telling ourselves what we want. That means we will succeed easily in our life. Second, it is dream that gives us power and makes our lives colorful. We can’t study or work well without our dreams. Third, a dream helps us to grow up and teaches us how to control our lives. A dream can’t be realized in one day. A big dream has, in fact, many small dreams.
用三个论据从不同的侧面来论证论点，谈论为什么应该拥有梦想。第一点：拥有梦想走向成功更快。第二点：梦想使生活更充实。第三点：梦想使人成长。 2论证自己的观点是议论文最关键的部分。论证手段与英语说明文中的一些写作手法相同，常用 归纳法:从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。推理法:从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。对照法:对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。驳论法:先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。 3要准确使用过渡词，符合逻辑顺序，注意语句的连贯性。语言的过渡要自然，恰当使用关联词。连接论点之间常用的句式有：
first,second,third/firstly,secondly,thirdly/first of all ,What’s more, furthermore/ On one hand, on the other hand, what’s more
表示并列关系的过渡词：and, as well as, or ? 表示转折关系的过渡词：but, yet, however ?表示时间关系的过渡词：first, second, third, and then, finally, after, before, after a few days, at last, at that time, , in the past, 表示比较关系的过渡词：in the same way, just like, just as ?
表示对照关系的过渡词：but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, in spite of, even though ?表示递进关系的过渡词： also, and, then, too, in addition, moreover, again ?表示因果关系的过渡词：because, since, then, thus, otherwise, so, therefore ,as a result?表示解释说明的过渡词：for example, in fact, in this case, for, 表示强调的过渡词：in fact, indeed, certainly, without any doubt, truly, most important ?表示目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order that, so as to, in order to, ?
表示列举的过渡词：for example , such as ?表示总结性的过渡词：in conclusion, finally, at last, 如何写结尾段落
在结论部分必须表明作者的观点，对讨论的问题做出总结。在结尾的时候一定要注意首尾呼应,重申自己的观点. 不要把论据的某一点作为结尾总结的观点。结尾常用的过渡词：in general, all in all, generally speaking, in a word.....
例如：九年级学生要不要参加课外活动In a word, after-class activities are important to us. After-class activities can make us happy, let us relax when we feel tired. In order to have a happy and healthy school life. Let’s get started! 四 在具体写作中的注意事项：
1不要把给出的信息逐句翻译，不要前后矛盾。
2首段和尾段要有体现文章体裁的句子，要保持前后的一致很重要，
3掌握内容。写议论文尽量不要过于联想，内容写全即可以了，否则可能会因为掌握不好而跑题。
话题讨论性的议论文近年来， 在考试中也比较多见。议论文的三大要素是论点、论据、论证。但要想把这三点准确地运用于自己的作文中又谈何容易？一不留神就会陷入误区。
误区一、在陈述观点时拖泥带水。有些同学为了使自己的观点更加新颖、与众不同，往往在提出观点之前进行过多铺垫，整个文章有一种头重脚轻的感觉，而且无形中挤占了下一部分的内容，导致论证不够充分。
误区二、在论述中 \误入歧途\。当观点提出后，有些同学不能从一而终。前两句还能围绕观点进行论述，接下来却围绕新派生出的一个论点进行阐述。比如：有的同学想论述追星的利弊。开始还是在说追星有利有弊，利是什么，弊是什么。但后面却转向论述明星有明星的苦衷，我们应该如何给与理解和支持。这样写就偏离了主线，没有把握住主要方向。误区三、 用结论性的语言充当论据。同学们在使用论据时要以真实、可靠、典型为原则。要选择具体、形象、生动的内容来对观点进行论述，而不是结论性语言。例如：你想说明追星不好。如果你只说追星影响学习，所以弊大于利，就显得太空泛。假如你先用具体事例来说明在追星的过程中，学习如何受影响了，然后再用结论性的语言加以总结，你的论述就会变得具有说服力了。
记得一首歌中这样唱道“把握生命中每一分钟，全力以赴我们心中的梦，不经历风雨怎么见彩虹，没有人能随随便便成功。”的确，每个人心中都有自己的梦想，并且大家都在为自己的梦想不懈的努力着，作为中学生请你谈一谈我们在成长的过程中，是否应该拥有梦想？
WE SHOULD HAVE OUR DREAMS
There is a saying, “ A dream is to a man what wings are to a bird.” Dreams are one of the most important keys to the successful life. So we should have our dreams.
First, if we have our own dreams, we’ll know what our dream is. Keep telling ourselves what we want. That means we will succeed easily in our life. Second, it is dream that gives us power and makes our lives colorful. We can’t study or work well without our dreams. Third, a dream helps us to grow up and teaches us how to control our lives. A dream can’t be realized in one day. A big dream has, in fact, many small dreams.
In a word, having our dreams is important to us, no matter how big or small they are. We will find there is no greater happiness than making our dreams come true. Where there is a will, there is a way. Work hard for our dreams, and our dream will come true.
随着生活水平的提高，人们可以开始重视自己生活质量。越来越多的人开始热衷于养宠物。可爱的小动物给他们带来了无穷的快乐；然而，对于那些不喜欢动物的来说，它们的存在会给生活添加很多烦恼。请结合此话题，写篇英语短文，谈谈你的看法，人该不该养动物，为什么？
KEEPING PETS
Nowadays, more and more people are fond of keeping pets because they can bring pleasure. But others don't think so. They think it’s terrible to do it. In my opinion, I think we should keep a pet.
First, keeping a pet can relax our mind. When you are tired of studying, playing with your pet makes you have good feelings, which is able to raise your study quality. Second, for old people, pets are like their children when they stay alone. A pet can make them feel less lonely. Third, keeping a pet can make your home safe when you are outside. For example, if you have a dog in your home, it will be able to stop the thieves entering your home.