解决方法一．在译文当中只翻译一个即可。 16）你怎么能过河拆桥、忘恩负义。 How can you kick down the ladder? “过河拆桥”、“忘恩负义”同义词
解决方法一．在译文当中只翻译一个即可。
另外，英语中没有过河拆桥的说法，爬上梯子以后把梯子踢开。
14）到16）解决方法一．在译文当中只翻译一个即可。 17）（宝玉和黛玉）真是言和意顺，似胶如漆。曹雪芹《红楼梦》第五回） “言和意顺”，“似胶如漆”同义词。
On all matters, indeed, they were in complete accord.
解决方法二．在译文当中只翻译一个，但是加入表示强调的副词等。这里是加的形容词complete 18）虽说是一枝小草，又无花朵，其妩媚之态，不禁心动神怡，魂消魄丧。（曹雪芹《红楼梦》第一百一十六回） “心动神怡”，“魂消魄丧”同义词
?though it was so small and had no blossoms its delicate grace was utterly enchanting. 解决方法二．在译文当中只翻译一个，但是加入表示强调的副词等。utterly 19）今日各自进去，孤孤凄凄，举目无亲，须要自己保重。（曹雪芹《红楼梦》第一百一十九回） （就是“须要”。“需要”和“须要”不同。） “孤孤凄凄”，“举目无亲”同义词
Today, entering for the examination, you?re going to be entirely on your own, so you?ll have to take care of yourselves. 解决方法二．在译文当中只翻译一个，但是加入表示强调的副词等。entirely
20）二十年，时间看起来很长。一晃就过去了。所以，我们从八十年代的第一年开始，就必须一天也不耽误，专心致志地、聚精会神地搞四个现代化。（《邓小平文选》第二卷） “专心致志地”、“聚精会神地”同义词
Although a period of 20 years sounds quite long, the time will slip by very quickly. From the very first year of the 1980s, we must devote our full attention to achieving the four modernizations and not waste a single day. 解决方法二．在译文当中只翻译一个，但是加入表示强调的副词等。这里是加的形容词full
17）到20）解决方法二．在译文当中只翻译一个，但是加入表示强调的副词等。
一般来说，解决方法一和解决方法三是可以换用的。但是，首先同义词不能太长，不能罗嗦。其次大家的词汇量要足够大。
表示强调的词：complete, utterly, entirely, full
另外，仔细的同学可能会发现：16）、20）汉语同义词都是用顿号隔开的，其它的汉语同义词是用句号隔开的。
英语表示列举是用逗号隔开，英语里面没有顿号。汉语名词表示列举是用顿号隔开，其它词性较为混乱，但一般用逗号。
原因是，标点符号是在五四运动时期引入中国的。但是中国人又对英语的标点符号做了修改。所以现在出现了一些不统一的地方。
第5讲 做翻译作业 Preface
Ever since 25 June 1975, when the then President signed the proclamation of the Emergency, the office of the President of India has assumed a new significance. Earlier, the powers vested by the Indian Constitution normally lay dormant and the post
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was purely ceremonial. The advent of coalition era, both at the Centre and in the state, and the rise of divisive politics, have ushered in new thinking and interpretation to the President?s power as enunciated in the Constitution.
Mesmerizing aura surrounds the President of India. Sprawling Rashtrapati Bhavan and its grandeur symbolizes the authority of the President and makes the office of the President more attractive. The successive Presidents have been the choice of the ruling parties, mainly Congress, perhaps with the intention that the President should owe them allegiance. But, in spite of this, all of them were not essentially the “rubber stamp” Presidents and looked upon the post merely as “ceremonial” in nature.
However, the emerging situation raises a point what constructive role the President can play as guardian of the Constitution and for nation building. In this context, Dr GVG Krishnamurty, in his Foreword to this book, has rightly observed that when India has emerged as one of the powerful nations and as the largest practicing democracy, it is time to redefine the role of the President in the Constitution rather than the kind of oath administered to the President makes it imperative for him/her to play passive role when the constitutional functionaries operate within the defined parameters, and active role when there is blatant violation of the Constitution and when extraordinary situation demands. The Presidents since 1950, though all distinguished persons, have played a distinct role. It is, therefore, essential to study the role of successive Presidents and the constitutional limitations the incumbent has. This is the raison d?etre of the present study.
This book, The Presidents of Independent India As Constitutional Custodians and Their Profiles, is in two parts. Part I contains five chapters. Chapter 1 brings to focus the aura that surrounds the President?s office. It describes the sprawling Rashtrapati Bhavan and its grandeur. The remaining chapters in this part of the book study the powers of the President in the Indian Constitution, his term of office, his election procedure, his constitutional immunities, his relationship with the Council of Ministers, working of Indian presidency since 1950, and the judicial interpretations relating to President?s power vested in him/her by the Constitution.
Part II of the book provides profiles and contributions of the successive Presidents highlighting their role in upholding the dignity of this constitutional office. Together, both the parts in this book should make it an essential book for all those who wish to know the President?s constructive role in Indian democracy. It should also be useful for the students and teachers of constitutional law and politics.
While attempting this study I had the help and cooperation of many people. I was particularly inspired and encouraged by the former Election Commissioner of India, Dr GVG Krishnamurty. I know him since 1968 when he was Assistant Legal Advisor in the Ministry of Law looking after the legal issues pertaining to the functioning of the office of the President of India. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to him for the guidance and encouragement in writing this book. He has been kind enough to contribute his illuminating and useful Foreword to this book. My wife, Mrs. Asha Ahuja, has always been cooperative with me in many ways. I am thankful to her. I am also thankful to Mr. Nitin Gupta, Director, Icon Publications Pvt. Ltd. and an ebullient young man who could be relied upon for transforming my manuscript into a presentable book and should ensure its availability to all those who may need this. My thanks are also due to various other persons who have helped me in one way or the other.
20 September 2007 New Delhi
1.大家先下载了，以后上课带着。课下不用翻译，我会在课上给大家一节课的时间翻译。 2.只翻译下面两段。
Ever since 25 June 1975, when the then President signed the proclamation of the Emergency, the office of the President of India has assumed a new significance. Earlier, the powers vested by the Indian Constitution normally lay dormant and the post was purely ceremonial. The advent of coalition era, both at the Centre and tin the state, and the rise of divisive politics, have ushered in new thinking and interpretation to the President?s power as enunciated in the Constitution.
Mesmerizing aura surrounds the President of India. Sprawling Rashtrapati Bhavan and its grandeur symbolizes the authority of the President and makes the office of the President more attractive. The successive Presidents have been the choice of the ruling parties, mainly Congress, perhaps with the intention that the President should owe them allegiance. But, in spite of this, all of them were not essentially the “rubber stamp” Presidents and looked upon the post merely as “ceremonial” in nature.
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3.可以查阅包括词典在内的任何资料。
前言
1975年6月25日，时任总统签署命令，宣布实施紧急状态法。自此，印度总统职务被赋予了新的含义。在早些时候，印度宪法赋予总统的各项职权通常被搁置一边，总统职务也完全是仪式上的虚衔。从首都到各邦，联合执政时代已然到来，迥然不同的政治主张纷纷登场，宪法赋予总统的权力也获得了新的认知和解读。
我觉得ceremonial翻译成“礼仪”较好，辞典上也有相似例子，a ceremonial position（无实权的）礼仪职务
印度总统被一种神秘气氛所笼罩。宏伟壮观、富丽堂皇的拉伯宫代表了总统的权力，给总统职位增添了魅力。任命历届总统的是执政党，主要是国大党（Congress）， 或许有意要求总统向他们效忠。尽管如此，实际上并不是所有的总统都甘做“橡皮图章”，不愿将总统职位看作仪式性的职位。
然而，这一新情况也引发了新的思索：作为宪法和国家建设的保卫者，总统如何才能发挥建设性的作用？基于此种考虑，GVG·克里希纳穆尔蒂博士在本书序言中断然指出：印度已经成为了强国和最大的民主国家1，在宪法中重新界定总统的职责正当其时。根据以往的就职宣誓，如果政府公职人员按照宪法规定行事，总统就应该低调处之；而如果有严重违宪情况，或者有紧急情况发生的话，总统就需要采取积极举措。自从1950年以来，所有的总统都是社会贤达，但是他们扮演的角色却截然不同。因此，必须要研究历届总统的角色以及当时的宪法条款。这是此项研究的意义所在。
这部书，《独立的缔造者、宪法的守护者----印度总统传略》，分为两部分。第一部分包括五章。第一章关注具有神秘色彩的总统职位，描述了富丽雄奇的拉伯宫；其它四章研究印度宪法所规定的总统权力、任期、选举程序、宪法豁免权、与内阁的关系、自1950年以来印度总统的工作情况、对宪法所规定的总统权力的司法解释。
本书第二部分介绍了历届总统的生平和贡献，着重介绍了他们在维护宪法尊严上所起的作用。另外，总统在维护印度民主方面也起到了建设性作用，本书的这两部分对此也进行了详尽介绍以飨读者。本书对于研究宪法和政治的师生也有所裨益。
在这项研究过程中，我得到了许多人士的帮助和合作。前任选举专员GVG·克里希纳穆尔蒂博士给予了大力支持和鼓励。在1968年，我就与他相识。当时，他是法务部的助理法律顾问，负责印度总统职责方面的法律问题。在写作此书过程中，他给予了指导和鼓励，我要向他表达我深深的感激之情。他热心地为本书作序，序言发人深省、大有裨益。我的妻子，阿沙·阿胡贾（Asha Ahuja）女士协作良多，我要感谢她。我也要感谢爱肯出版公司经理尼廷·古普塔（Nitin Gupta）先生，他是一个值得信赖的、热情奔放的年轻人。我付梓印刷的手稿在他手里成书，他会把书送到求知若渴的读者手中。还有很多人士给予了我这样那样的帮助，在此一并表示感谢。
2007年9月20日 新德里
第6讲 转性译法、转成分译法。统称转译。
转性，就是转变词性。比如，原文是名词，译文转化成动词。原文是副词，译文转化成介词等等。另外，一般来说，英美人喜欢用名词和介词，中国人喜欢用动词。
转成分，就是转变句子成分。比如原文是定语，译文是主语。 英译汉1）到12）
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印度自称世界上最大的民主国家。不代表译者个人观点。译者注。 13
1）2）一样。一起讲。
1）Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断消耗着美国的资源。（不同于冯庆华） （名词转化成动词。）
2）The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府号召建立更多的技术学校。 （名词转化成动词。）
3）My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. 我建议他立刻戒烟。
（两处转译。原文中的名词、主语suggestion转译成了动词谓语建议。原文物主代词、主语前面的定语My，也相应转译成了代词、主语我。）
4）I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。
（原文中以for引导的介词词组在译文中被转译为以“因为”引导的状语从句。 介词for转译为“因为”
物主代词、定语his转译成了代词、主语“他”
形容词、定语continuous转译成了副词、状语“不断地” 名词encouragement转译成了动词“鼓励”
介词短语、定语during my childhood转译成了介词短语、状语“在我小时候”。 during my childhood还是介词短语，但是句子成分发生了改变。）
5）He came to my home for help. （help不标出，不同于冯庆华） 他来到我家，请求帮助。 （介词转化为动词）
6）The people are with him. 人民拥护他。
（系动词be+介词转化为行为动词） 7）He was away before dawn. 他是黎明前出发的。
（系动词be+副词转化为行为动词） 8）It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。
（形容词转化为了动词词组）
（如果有学生问再说：这个不是增词译法。因为增词译法一般是不改变词性的。而这里原文中informative 是名词，译文中“信息”是名词。）
9）Official Moscow is going to object the proposal. 莫斯科官方准备反对此项提议。 （形容词转化为名词）
10）It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the meeting. 官方宣布，巴黎应邀出席会议。 （副词转化为名词）
11）12）一样。一起讲。
11）He objected that the plan is not practical. 他反对的理由是：这个计划不现实。 （动词转化为名词词组）（名词词组，不同于冯庆华） 12）He roared, which threatened his enemies away. 他的大吼吓走了敌人。 （动词转化为名词）
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汉译英13）到 20）。英译汉的例子反过来就是汉译英的例子。 13）14）15）一样。一起讲。 13）他能喝很多酒。 He is a great drinker. （动词转化为名词）
14）他这个人最爱说话了。 He is a great talker. （动词转化为名词） 15）我儿子拉洋车。（老舍《柳家大院》） My son is a rickshaw puller. （动词转化为名词） 16、17）一样。一起讲。
16）十一点时，他已睡在被窝里。 He was between sheets by eleven. （动词转化为介词）
17）他用手指在墙上写下了自己的名字。
He wrote down his own name on the wall with his finger. （动词转化为介词） 18）我永远支持你。 I am always with you.
（行为动词转化为系动词be+介词） 反对你 be against you.
19）那个家伙老是滔滔不绝讲个不停。 That fellow is very talkative. （动词转化为形容词）（同时也是合词译法）。14）和19）实际上较为类似。 20）演出已经开始了。 The performance is on. （行为动词转化为系动词be+副词）
21）这家报纸的社论说，拒不解决夫妻分居两地问题，是同中央的精神背道而驰的。
The paper said editorially that it is against the spirit of the Central Committee of our Party to refuse to solve the problem of husband and wife living in two separate places. （名词转化为副词） 22）她非常漂亮。 She is a real beauty.
（形容词转化为名词）
第7讲 换形译法
尊重语言习惯。根据表达习惯的不同，采用比较地道的译文。
英译汉。1）到4）
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