1）2）英语中的代词。英语中一个事物第一次出现用名词，第二次出现就要用代词来指代。 1）You think she will come if it is fine tomorrow. But I don?t think so. 你认为明天天好，她就会来，我觉得她不会来。 （不地道。我不认为是这样。）
分析：一般来说，英语中的代词，翻译成汉语时，要翻译成具体指代的对象，而不能直接翻译成汉语的代词。 2）The bandits robbed him of his ox, but it was his only family property. 土匪抢走了他的水牛，可那水牛是他唯一的家产啊。 （不地道。可它是他唯一的家产啊。） 分析：汉语习惯重复使用名词。而且，“它”“他”是同音字，放在一个句子里容易混淆。
3）4）时间、数字的表达习惯
3）The whole project was completed in a quarter of a year. 整个工程在三个月内就完成了。
（不地道。整个工程在四分之一年内就完成了。） 汉语、英语、对时间的表述不同。
4）He was in New York in the first ten days of March. 三月上旬，他在纽约。
（不地道。三月的前十天）
汉译英。5）到8）跟英译汉的反过来。
5）6）汉语中重复出现的名词 5）你会倒立，我也会倒立。
You can stand on your hands, so can I.
(不地道。I can stand on my hands too.)（冯庆华的hands和too 中间有逗号。） 6）我不喜欢抽烟，抽烟对身体没好处。 I don?t like smoking; it is no good to health.
（不地道。I don?t like smoking; smoking is no good to health.）
7）8）时间、数字的表达习惯 7）他将离开两个星期。
He is going away for a fortnight. （不地道。 He is going away for two weeks.） 8）五百年来，中国的戏剧有了很大的发展。
The past five centuries witnessed great development in Chinese drama. （不地道。显罗嗦。The past five hundred years）
第8讲 褒贬译法
褒义词翻译成褒义词，贬义词翻译成贬义词。
英译汉1）到10） 1）2）ambitious
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1）Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times. 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。
2）Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work. 他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。 点评：ambitious还可以翻译成“野心勃勃的”。比如可以说希特勒野心勃勃。
3）4）stubborn
3）The stubborn boy refused to listen to his parents? advice. 这个犟男孩不肯听父母的忠告。
4）The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people. 侵略者遭到了当地人民的顽强抵抗。（“的”位置不同于冯庆华）
5）6）restless
5）She is fidgety and restless. 她生性急躁好动。
6）All the inventors have a restless mind. 所有的发明家都有一个思维活跃的大脑。（“思维”不同于冯庆华）
7）8）as luck would have it
7）As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 真幸运，发生爆炸时大楼里刚好没人。
8）As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic. 真不凑巧，野餐那天下雨了。
9）10）persistent
9）The old couple made a persistent effort to search for their daughter lost in the war. 这对年老的夫妇执着地寻找着他们在战争中丢失的女儿。 10）She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone. 她被没完没了的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。
汉译英11）到20） 11）12）小
11）这位小姑娘长得真好看。 She is certainly a pretty little girl. 12）那个小偷被送到派出所去了。
That petty thief has been sent to the police station.
13）14）大
13）他久久地站在人民大会堂前。
He stood before the Great Hall of the People for a long time. 14）叫那些人不要大吵大闹。
Tell those people to stop making such a terrific din.
15）16）有名的
15）她父亲是一位有名的外科医生。 Her father is a famous surgeon.
16）黄金荣是旧上海有名的大流氓。
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Huang Jinrong was a notorious rogue in Shanghai in the old times. 点评：infamous也很好。
由于：due to, owing to, because of, for, since, because, thanks to, in consequence of 17）18）由于
17）由于党的农业政策，我国千千万万农民走上了致富的道路。
Thanks to the policies of the Communist Party of China on agriculture, millions of peasants in China are getting rich. 18）由于两次世界大战的爆发，各国人民蒙受了极大的灾难。
People of all countries have suffered great calamities in consequence of the two World Wars.
19）20）想象力，丰富
19）诗人应该具有丰富的想象力。 A poet should have rich imagination. 20）真遗憾，你的想象力太丰富了。
What a pity! You?ve got into wild flights of fancy.
第9讲
句法翻译——换序译法、断句译法、转句译法、合句译法、缩句译法、转态译法、正反译法 换序译法
翻译时根据译文的语言习惯，对原文的词序进行调整，使译文尽可能的通顺，这就是换序译法。 Female professional职业女性。汉英语序不同。 英译汉1）到4）
1）.About 1840, a canal was constructed across the meadows of the Marsh Farm. 大约在1840年，横穿马什农场的草地开凿了一条运河。
（不地道。大约在1840年，一条运河被建在横穿马什农场的草地上。） 主语换序
2）.Even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more diginity than these creatures.(Alex Haley, Roots) 介绍小说《根》。一个黑人被抓到美洲之后，在美洲繁衍生息的历史。主角就是Kunta昆塔。 昆塔觉得，即使家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重。（冯庆华是“他家乡”。罗嗦） （不地道。即使他家乡的野兽，昆塔觉得，也比这些人有更多的尊严。） 插入语换序
3）.On and on Byron talked. 拜伦滔滔不绝地讲述着。
（不地道。滔滔不绝地，拜伦讲述着。） 状语换序
4）.Never before has our country been as united as it is today. 今天，我们国家空前团结。 （从来没有以前我们国家团结。） 倒装句换序
汉译英5）到8）
5）在那场战争中，这道城墙开始出现许多裂痕。
Many cracks began to appear on the city wall during that war. （不地道。During that war, the city wall began to have many cracks.）
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状语换序。在那场战争中（比冯庆华多这个） 主语换序。这道城墙。
6）发生了这样的事不是你的错。 It?s not your fault that this happens.
（不地道。That this has happened is not your fault.） 主语从句换序。
7）她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她坚强的毅力写出了一部部催人奋进的小说。
A thin and weak girl susceptible to diseases, she wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will. （不地道。She, a thin and weak girl susceptible to diseases, wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will.） 同位语换序
8）她认真热情，一字不漏地记下了所说的话。
Conscientious and eager, she took down what was said, careful not to miss a word. （She was conscientious and eager and, without missing a word, took down what was said.） 状语换序。状语分为两块。放在句子主干的前后。
第10讲 断句译法。
简单的说，一句翻译成两句或者多句。
一般来说，英译汉的时候，断句较为随意。是否断句，断句后是用逗号还是句号都没有严格的要求。
而汉译英的时候，断句较为严格。英语句式严格，句子的首字母必须大写。一个句子只能有一个主语、一个谓语。如果需要多个主语或者谓语，只能用于并列句或者从句中。
所以英译汉断句的时候，只要记住一点就够了：就像写英语作文一样，要想想你的英语句子是否符合英语语法规则。 1）There is now a single accepted pronunciation for the vast majority of words in ordinary polite use, 11 deviation from which is regarded either as a provincialism or as a vulgarism.
现今日常社交所用的大多数读音已有了一个公认的统一的标准。11不符合这个标准，就被认为是方言或粗俗发音。（不同于冯庆华。加“是”，无“了”） （拆开定语从句。）
2）After singing a concert in this city, 11 he said he wanted to greet his admirers backstage as he always does. 他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。11音乐会结束以后，他提出要像往常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者。 （拆开状语从句）
3）这首歌不曾继续多久，11就和笛声共同消失在黑暗里了。（巴金《家》）
The singing did not last very long. 11 Soon, together with the sound of the flute, it faded away in the darkness. （拆开状语从句）
4）罗大方从警备司令部转到法院看守所坐了三个月的牢，11虽然红润的面孔瘦了些，也白了些，但是丝毫看不出有受到挫折后的萎靡和困顿，11他依然风趣横生，11大眼睛滴溜溜地闪动着，拳头不停地挥动着。（杨沫《青春之歌》） Luo Dafang had been transferred from the garrison headquarters to the lock-up of the district court, where he had been detained for three months. 11Though his face was no longer as plump and ruddy as hitherto, this persecution had not left him downcast. 11His spirits were as high as ever. 11His big eyes sparkled and he shook his fists as he spoke. （拆开并列句和状语从句。）
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第11讲 转句译法、
这个译法，例句较为复杂。把原文、译文全部给学生。但是不加黑，不用下划线。让学生找出哪儿用了转句译法。
就是把原文的词或词组，转化成译文里面的句子。 跟第10讲断句译法有些重合的。
只是咱们这个第11讲转句译法主要侧重讲述短小精悍、含义丰富的词或词组译成句子。
英译汉1）到4） 1）A crashing thunderstorm, with thick rain hissing down from skies black as night, stopped Victor Henry from leaving the White House.（Herman Wouk, The Winds of War）
轰隆几声雷响，从漆黑的天空哗啦啦下起大雨来。维克多·亨利无法离开白宫。 （主语转句）
2）Winston Churchill, today an idealized hero of history, was in his time variously considered a bombastic blunderer, and unstable politician, an intermittently inspired orator, a reckless, self-dramatizer, a voluminous able writer in an old-fashioned vein, and a warmongering drunkard. （Herman Wouk, The Winds of War）
温斯顿·丘吉尔今天是一个被理想化了的历史英雄，但当时却被看成是各种各样的人物：爱唱高调但常犯错误的人、摇摆不定的政客、有几分才气的演说家、轻率的装腔作势者、写有大量著作但文风古老的多产作家、以及贩卖战争的酒徒。（冯庆华用的是“邱吉尔”、冯庆华在“多产作家”后用的是逗号。） （同位语转句）
3）He had a sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrases. 他感到习语是语言的主要支柱，因此特别主张用生动的短语，他的想法是非常正确的。 （定语转句。） 4）The members of the Bonus Expeditionary Force had hoped in vain for congressional action.（W. Manchester, The Glory and the Dream）
“补偿金远征军”里边的人原是希望国会采取措施的，可是希望落空了。 （状语转句）
汉译英5）6）
5）去年八月那场使七个国家遭受了极大损失的来势凶猛的龙卷风已经引起全球科学家的高度重视。
The violent tornado that struck in August last year has aroused great attention among the scientist throughout the world. Seven countries suffered a great loss from the tornado. （定语转句）
6）他像大海捞针一样在茫茫黑夜里寻找金色的梦。
He searched for his golden dream in the pitch dark of the night. It was just like fishing for a needle in the ocean. （状语转句）
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