基础语法讲义
主讲:屠浩民
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一、简单句和并列句 1. 简单句的五种形式:
(1)主语+谓语(不及物动词);
(2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语; (3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语;
(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语; (5)主语+系动词+表语。
两类系动词:①be动词;
②一些实义动词用作系动词:feel, taste, smell等;
2. 并列句:一个句子当中包含两个或更多互不相依存的主谓结构,中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。
并列句不能只用逗号隔开,而要用连接词连接。 连接词: (1)并列关系句型:连接词有and, as well as, either?or?,neither?nor?,not only?but also? eg: Last year I met Kate and we became friends. Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. (2)转折概念并列句型:转折词有but
eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk. (3)对比关系的并列句型:
eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps. 练习:2009年6月阅读
Cerling‘s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences.(简单句)
Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. (并列句) 简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。 二、句子成分
句子六大成分:主谓宾、定状表。
主语、宾语和表语:通常由代词或者名词构成, 定语:修饰名词;
状语:修饰形容词或者动词; 表语:接在系动词后面;
(一).代词:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。
1人称代词:第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格;
I,you ,he,she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its. 2 物主代词
①形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, their,后面加名词;
②名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs,后面不能加名词。 eg: May I borrow your pen? Mine is missing. 3反身代词:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。
eg:I myself took Mary to the airport. I cooked it myself. 4. 指示代词:this, that, these, those
5. 不定代词:some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,no one,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything. 一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别: (1)all, each, every:
① all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体; each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体; ② all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体;
eg:Every staff of the university contributed to the fund. Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each.
(2)everyone&every one
everyone等同于everybody,all people ,指的是所有的人; eg:Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.
every one既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用every one of ; eg:Every one of us has faults and shortcomings.
Every one of the films we have shown this year has been a succes. (3)no one&none
no one 只能指人,none既可以指人,也可以指物,none后面还可以接of; eg:No one failed the examination.
None of the students failed the examination. 6. it 的用法
(1)指代人,通常用于口语中; (2)书面语:
① it 用来指代时间、距离、温度、天气等 eg:It's three years since I saw him. ② it 用来前指或者后指
eg:I've lost my book. Where is it?
There is no doubt about it that he was a fine teacher. ③ it 做形式主语
eg:Is it possible to learn typewriting very quickly?
④ it 做形式宾语,通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语(形容词)之间,真正的宾语放在宾补之后
常见动词有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, think, suppose, regard
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eg:She thinks it no use telling me.
He has made it clear that he wouldn't agree to the plan. ⑤ it 用于强调句,构成句型It's?that/who? 如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it? eg:It's clear that they have won.
如果It's和that去掉后,剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子,就是强调句;否则,即为形式主语。 (二)名词 1. 可数名词
有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。
名词的复数形式可以直接加s/es,以y 结尾的,变y 为i ,再加es,还有一些特殊形式的。
有些单数名词的形式,是集合名词,可以用作复数,如police,cattle,people,mankind等;
eg:Several hundreds police were on duty at the demonstration yesterday. Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common. 不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词
2. 不可数名词:通常是物质名词或者抽象名词,其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.
前面可以加上单位词,进行分类: 常见单位词:
①a piece of +advice/bread/cloth/fortune/information/music/muse ②a bit of、an item of、an article of 3. 名词在翻译中遇到的问题:
(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式: eg:water&waters(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙滩),wood&woods(树林),goods(商品),ash和ashes(废墟) (2)名词表示特指时,可以加冠词
①不定冠词:a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意; eg:Germany is a European country. ②定冠词:表示特定或特指
eg:Is this the book that you are looking for?
定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物
the+名词:表示全部或者整体
eg:Do you know who invented the computer?
用于乐器或专有名词前,如play the piano、the Thames (三)数词
数词分为基数词和序数词
1. 表示大约的词汇:about, approximately,around,roughly,some,more or less, or so; eg:About 200 people were killed in the crash. The town is 5 Miles or so from here. 2. 表示多于的词汇:above,more than, over
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3. 表示少于,不到的词汇:almost,below,less than, under eg:It's 2:57, and it's almost 3 o'clock
4. 一些可以直接表示数字的单词: dozen、score、decade、hundred、thousand、million 这些词前面出现基数词,表示确切的数时,不能加复数;若不能表明确切数字,只是说大约有多少的时候,以上这些词不可以加确切的基数词,但是可以将其变为复数,后加of; eg:There are millions of kinds of matter in the world.
(四)形容词和副词 1. 定语
用来修饰名词,通常是形容词;若是单个形容词,一般放在修饰名词前;若为词组,一般放在修饰名词之后;
形容词词组的两种情况: (1)成对的形容词;
eg:She has many pencils, blue and red. (2)形容词短语:
eg:I think he is a man suitable for the job. 形容词还可以做表语,放在be动词之后;
英语中有一些词语作表语和作定语时,含义会有所不同: (1)certain:
作定语时,表示特定的:
eg: A certain Mr. Wang just came here to look for you. 作表语时,表示当然的,一定,相当于be sure;
(2)complete:
作定语时,表示完全的:
作表语时,表示完成的或完美的;
(3)ill:作定语时,表示坏的;作表语时,表示有病的;
(4)late: 作定语时,表示已故的;作表语时,表示晚的、迟到的;
(5)ready:作定语时,表示现成的;作表语时,表示准备好的、愿意做??;
(6)present:作定语时,表示目前的,相当于current;作表语时,表示出席,参加; the+形容词:表示一类人;
eg: the old, the poor, the blind, the rich, the young, the wounded 2. 状语:
通常由副词构成,副词可以修饰动词,形容词,乃至整个句子; 副词通常是褒义的,有部分是有否定含义的,常见否定含义副词有seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely;
其它副词通常是表示肯定的概念; 3. 形容词和副词的比较级:
(1)一些没有比较级的形容词和副词: ①单词本身的含义是表示比??年长、比??优秀、比??优等时,没有比较级概念; 如supreme,inferior,junior,senior,prior at ,后面搭配的介词一般是to,而不用than.
②有些单词本身的含义即是最,独一无二,没有比较级概念;
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如absolute,entire,excellent,favorite,final. (2)同级比较和异级比较:
①同级比较:as?as?/?times as? ②异级比较:(倍数或修饰词,表示多或少)+比较级+than
常见的修饰比较级的词有:much、still,even,by far,a bit,a little, a good deal或者倍数;
eg:The photography of Mars taken by satellite are much clearer than those taken from earth.
③比较级特殊用法词汇: more?than?:
eg:He is more clever than honest. the+比较级:越来越??
eg:The harder you work, the more you will learn. 三、时态和语态 现在 过去 将来 一般 进行 完形 (一)时态 1. 一般现在时
(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作;
eg:I get up at 7 o' clock in the morning.
I leave school for home at 6 every evening. (2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实;
eg:The teacher told us: the earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 2. 一般过去时
两种变化形式:在动词后加ed或不规则变化的动词; 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态:
常用时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等; eg:Did you go to Shanghai last week? 补充:used to/be used to
(1)used to + do:\过去常常\,表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在; eg:Mike used to take a walk.
(2)be used to + doing: 对??已感到习惯,或\习惯于\,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词;
eg:Mike is used to taking a walk.
He is used to taking a shower with cold water. (3)be used to do:被用来做??
eg:Leaves are used to fight enemies in Kong fu movies as the weapons.
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
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