答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。
一般过去式和过去完成时的对比： （1）过去完成时：过去的过去；
eg：Before I came to Beijing, I had stayed in Shanghai.
① 一个句子里有两个谓语动词，一个发生在前，一个发生在后，发生在前的用一般过去时，发生在后的用过去完成时；
eg：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
② 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示\原本?，却未能?\
eg：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
We had thought that he would take part in the competition，but he didn't. ③ 虚拟语气：
若虚拟的现象与过去事实相反，则用过去完成时；
eg：If you had come to my birthday party, you would have seen Yaoming. 虚拟语气中可以用had+过去分词，表示对过去事实的虚拟； 3. 一般将来时
（1）shall/will, shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替; eg：Which paragraph shall I read first？
（2）be going to +不定式，表示将来；表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹象表明要发生；
eg：What are you going to do tomorrow? What will you do this afternoon? will表示纯粹的将来；
（3）be +不定式：表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事； eg：We are to/will discuss the report next Saturday.
（4）be about to +不定式：意为马上做某事，后面不可以接时间状语； eg：He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：
（1）一般现在时有时也可表将来；
eg：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
① 趋向性动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
eg：When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. ② 在时间或条件句中，用一般现在时表将来；
eg：I'll write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.
（2）现在进行时也可表将来：通常用于口语，翻译为打算??； come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等词可以用进行时表将来； 4. 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果对现在造成影响。 （1）过去发生的动作发生到现在，刚刚完成；
（2）从过去发生的动作，发生到现在，刚刚告一段落，但是后面会继续发生； eg：I have just finished my homework. It has rained for 3 days.
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过去时与现在完成时的区别：
（1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 eg：I came to Beijing in 1995.
I have stayed in Beijing since 1995.
（2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与段的时间状语连用，或无时间状语；
一般过去时常用时间状语：yesterday, last week，?ago, in1980, in October?（具体时间）
现在完成时常用时间状语：for, since, so far?（长期的段时间） eg：He had dinner with me yesterday. I have played basketball for 3 hours. （3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know；过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等；
eg：He got married two years ago.
I have lived in Beijing for 10 years. 用于现在完成时的句型
（1）It is the first / second time?. that?结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.
（2）This is the? that?结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 since和for的用法：
since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度; eg：I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born.
for后面多接一段时间，而since后面则接一个时间点，若since后面也出现时间段，则在时间段后加ago；
eg： I have lived here since twenty years ago. 错句：I have worked here since many years.
since句型：
It is +一段时间+ since从句，since从句要用一般过去时； eg：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. It is three years since I joined the army.
5. 进行时态：一般进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时；
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6. 现在完成进行时：have/has+been+doing 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别： eg：It has rained for 3 days.
It has been raining for 3 days.
现在完成时不强调某一动作在某段时间内持续发生，现在完成进行时表示某一时间段内某动作持续发生。
eg：I have been learning English for 5 years. I have been learned English for 5 years. （二）语态
一般 进行 完成
现在 am/is/are+过去分词 am/is/are+being+过去分词 have/has+been+过去分词 过去 was/were+过去分词 was/were+being+过去分词 had+been+过去分词 将来 will+be+过去分词
被动语态基本形式：be+动词过去分词； eg：Forest have been cleared.
They were given a warm send off.
Their wedding will be held in the church. 不强调施动者，而只强调受动者； eg：The book was written 20 years ago. 四、真题举例：
1. 真题2009年12月：
Despite the hardship he encountered, Mark never ______________(放弃对知识的追求). 放弃：give up, abandon，quit 追求：pursuit
give up/abandon/quit the pursuit of knowledge gave up/abandoned/quit the pursuit of knowledge 2. 真题2009年6月：
The study shows that the poor functioning of the human body is _______ (与缺乏锻炼密切相关)
is+doing/形容词： be closely related to：
the lack of exercises：缺乏锻炼； is closely related to the lack of exercises 3. 真题2008年12月： Through the project, many people have received training and (决定自己创业)
have received：现在完成时； decided to：决定；
创业：launch their own enterprise decided to launch their own enterprise 4. 真题2008年6月：
I can’t boot my computer now. Something must （一定出了毛病）with its operating system.
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出了毛病：out of control
Something must be out of control/wrong with?
五、定语从句：
eg：I know the girl.
The girl comes from Beijing.
I know the girl who comes from Beijing. 步骤：
1.找到两个句子中相同的名词；
2.将两个名词中的一个进行替换，若是人，用who替换；若是物，用which替换；that既可以指人，又可以指物；
3. 将who 或which引导的句子放在相同名词之后； eg：I like reading books.
The books were written by O Henry.
I like reading books which were written by O Henry.
eg：I planted a tree.
The tree is taller than the house.
The tree which I planted is taller than the house. 1. who/that/which所引导的句子必须放在相同名词之后； eg：The teacher prized the boy. The boy is my neighbor.
The boy who the teacher prized is my neighbor.
eg：This is the book.
You are looking for the book.
This is the book which you are looking for. eg：This is the book.
You are interested in the book.
This is the book which you are interested in.
2. 谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密＆关系疏远；
关系紧密：谓语结构和介词合成在一起，联系紧密，不可分割，一旦分割意思就会发生改变；
eg：look for, be interested in , look after, look at 定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/who/that的前面； eg: This is the book which you are looking for. This is the book which you are interested in. This is the book in which you are interested. This is the book which you asked for. 3. 关系代词和关系副词： eg：Beijing is the place. I was born in the place.
Beijing is the place which I was born in. Beijing is the place in which I was born.
定语从句中，如果介词+which表示地点，则可以用where替换；
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Beijing is the place where I was born. eg: I can't forget the day. I join the army on the day.
I can't forget the day which I join the army on. I can't forget the day on which I join the army. I can't forget the day when I join the army.
判断：This is the mountain village where I visited last year. This is the mountain village in which I visited last year. This is the mountain village which I visited in last year. 正确：This is the mountain village which/that I visited last year. 4. 判断关系代词和关系副词的方法：
（1）不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词；
若该谓语动词为及物动词，则一定使用关系代词；若该谓语动词为不及物动词，且其后没有介词，则一定使用关系副词；
eg：I will never forget the days when I worked together with you. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. I will never forget the days which I spent in the countryside. （2）通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分
eg：Is this the museum （that ） you visited a few days ago? the museum：充当visit的宾语
Is this the museum ( in which/where ) the exhibition was held? 关系代词：前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分； 介词+which，恰好表示时间和地点，可以替换成when，where这样的关系副词；
5 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
(1) 非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗号； eg: In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定语从句）
In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers， who come from Australia.（非限定性定语从句）
限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；
非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义； eg：This is the house which we bought last month. （2）非限定性定语从句：
①先行词是前面的整句话；
eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation.
We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year.
This is the house, which we bought last month.
② 非限定性定语从句：which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面；
eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we know.
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