可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导； lest：以防；从句中的谓语动词必须用should+动词原形；
eg: He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. He took the umbrella with him lest it should rain. in case：以防；与lest不同，从句里的时态不做特殊变化； eg：Take the umbrella with you in case it rains. for feat that：和lest保持一致；
eg：A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.
let?down?：让??感到气馁； 4. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常由so? that 或 such?that引导；so保留，that可以省略；如此??以至于??；
eg：He didn't abide by the contract so that he was fined. He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited. 比较：so和 such
（1）so：so +形容词、副词+that；so+形容词+a/an+名词+that； eg：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. He runs so fast that I couldn't catch up with him. It was so hot a day that crops wilted. He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him. （2）such：such+a/an+形容词+名词+that eg：It was such a hot day that crops wilted.
He is such a lovely boy that everyone loves him. 5. 比较状语从句：
than, as?as?，not so as?，（not) the same as, the+比较级； eg：Light travels fast than sound. the+比较级：
eg：The sooner，the better.
eg：Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school - the prophecy（预言) becomes self- fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (恶性循环) of neglect. 6 时间状语从句
（1）当??的时候：while, when, as ；
when：强调一件事情正在发生的时候，另外一件事情突然发生； eg：When I was watching TV, my mother came back. while：强调两个动作同时进行，一边??一边??；
eg：My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspaper. as：\随时间推移\
eg：As time went by, the days became longer and longer. （2）一??就??：as soon as ,主将从现；用directly，immediately, instantly连接两个句子；一些名词如the minute，the moment, the instant也可表示；no sooner? than, hardly? when
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后面的句子需要倒装；
eg：I will write to you the moment/minute I arrived in Paris.
（3）特殊单词：by the time that, every/each time（使用时后面不要再加when） （4）till＆until：
① 肯定形式表示的意思是\做某事直至某时\，动词必须是延续性的；
否定形式表达的意思是\直至某时才做某事\，一般用until，动词为延续性或非延续性都可以；
eg: I slept until midnight. Wait till I call you. She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
② Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首，通常用于句中； eg: Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.
eg：As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states—light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—that repeats approximately every 90 minutes. 7. 条件状语从句：
（1）连接词：if, once, as long as, on condition that ① 如果引导的条件可以实现，主将从现；
② 如果引导的条件和事实相反，则用虚拟语气； eg：If winter comes can spring be far behind. As long as it doesn't rain, we can play.
You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.
Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their engine management computer won't allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (点火) key. 8. 原因状语从句
连接词：because, since, as, for ，now that, in that, owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of;
比较：because, since, as和for
1） because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. now that ：既然；
in that :因为，通常只能放在句中，强调重要的，唯一的原因；
eg：Now that this semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and take a trip. Human beings are different from animals in that human can speak and think. owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of等短语后面只能接词或短语，不能接从句； 9. 让步状语从句
常见的连接词有though, although，as, while, even though 区分though，although，as
eg：Although/though he is a child, he can live by himself. as 表示虽然的时候，要进行倒装；
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Child as/though he is, he can live by himself.
eg：Although/though she works very hard, she makes very little progress. Hard as she works, she makes very little progress.
Although/though she is young; she has travelled to many countries to put shows. Young as she is, she has travelled to many countries to put shows. while：连接两个句子，表示虽然，但是； eg：He is experienced while he is young.
真题分析：
1.The anti-virus agent was not known (直到一名医生偶然发现了它) until a doctor find it by chance.
2.I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because __________（它更加方便和省时）
it is more convenient and timesaving.
3.But since water is much cheaper than wine, and many of the fancier brands aren’t available in stores, most diners don’t notice or care.
4. While there’s no question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.
九 从句的复习
复合句：定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。 定语从句：
1. that，which，who的使用。一个句子当中有两个相同的名词，将其中的一个名词进行替换，如果是人，用who；如果是物，用which；that既可以指人又可以指物。
2. 谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密＆关系疏远；定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/who/that的前面； 介词加which正好表示时间，可以表达成when；表示地点时，可以表达成where；表示原因时，变成why； 3. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义； （2）非限定性定语从句：
eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation.
② 非限定性定语从句：which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面
名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同谓语从句； 形式：名词+从句；连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式；如果是陈述句，直接加that引导； 一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上weather或者if；特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同谓语、介词宾语等成分； eg. Yuminhong, the president of New Oriental School.
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状语从句:两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接；状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系；分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型；
定语从句是名词+关系词+从句，关系词的用法取决于名词的问题；
名词性从句：同谓语从句：名词+关系词+从句，关系词跟后面的从句有关系，如果是陈述句，直接加that引导；一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上weather或者if；特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序； 宾语从句：动词+关系词+从句；表语从句：系动词+关系词+从句；主语从句：关系词+从句+谓语动词；名词性从句，其关系词的来源取决于后面的从句的性质。 状语从句：完整句子1+逻辑关系词+完整句子2；
如何区分定语从句和同谓语从句：whether，what，how接在名词后面一定是同谓语从句；关系词是when ，where，why如果前面不是时间、地点、人物，那么是同谓语从句；如果是的话，则为定语从句；如果见到which的话，which在句中翻译成“哪一个”，就是同谓语；翻译不成“哪一个”就是定语从句；that 就是看它在句中是否充当成分，如果充当成分就是定语从句；不充当成分就是同谓语从句；
Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. （主语从句） 是否这个计划是可行的仍然值得去考证。
I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. （宾语从句） 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. （同谓语从句）
At time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult（定语从句），employers who can eliminate invalid bias from the process have a distinct advantage. （定语从句） 在雇佣合格人才变得越来越困难的时期，那些能够在雇佣过程中消除站不住脚的偏见的雇主具有明显的优势。
Eg. While （让步状语从句）even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when （时间状语从句）they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. 在20世纪60年代之前，当人们伏案写作的时候，即使那些接受教育不多的人也会追求一种高雅的风格，但是从那以后，即使是那些令人敬仰的文学作品也在追求一种口语的风格。
Eg. About 45% of the world's population lived in the climate zone where mosquito transmit disease.
全球45%的人口都生活在这样的一个区域，这个地方的蚊子会传播疾病。
Eg.He was an Asian American （who was） raised in a household where respectful zones in authority was show by averting your eyes . （定语从句） 他是一个亚裔美国人，在他生长的环境当中，避免与有权威的人对视是对对方尊重的一种表
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现。
十 as的用法
as在状语从句中可以表示时间、原因、让步；
as的基本使用情况：
1、as作介词，表示作为，一般情况下后面只能接一个名词； eg. She works as a doctor.
As a League member, I'll take the lead in everything. 作为一名团员，事事我都要身先士卒。
2、as作关系代词，as引导这样的从句一般最好是放在句子的开头；
eg.The moon travels round the earth once every month which is known to everybody. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. （主语从句）
As we have seen，the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing
disease to preventing disease - especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits， smoking and failure to exercise.
3、as 充当连词来构成状语从句； ① 时间状语从句（当.....的时候），eg. As the summer comes, the day becomes shorter and shorter.
②原因状语从句（表示显而易见的原因），和since 在用法上保持一致。 eg. As she was not feeling well, we all sold her to stay at home. 因为她感觉到不舒服，我们都叫他留在家里。
③让步状语从句，although 引导的句子可以转换成as 的用法。 eg. Although she may fail.... Fail as she may
eg. Although the graph is simple. Simple as the graph is.
eg. Although he is rich, he doesn't have any friends. Rich as he is, he doesn't have any friends.
④方式状语从句（就像....一样；正如....一样）；
eg. Do as the instruction says. 按照说明书上的要求去做。
He came as we expected. 他就像我们所期待的那样来了。 ⑤比较状语从句
eg. I'm as tall as you.
as短语：
as long as 只要； such as 例如 ； as soon as 一....就...... ; so as to 为了；as if 好像； as though 好像； just as 正如；
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以去你任何想去的地方，只要你在天黑之前回来。（as long as 引导条件状语从句）
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He talks as if he knew all about it.
他谈起这件事来就好像什么都知道似的。（as if 引导方式状语从句，从句中常用虚拟语气)
It is just as I told you. 情况正如我跟你说的一样。（just as引导表语从句）
翻译题目：
1、尽管他们很小， although they are small / small as they are
2、你所描述的这种人(Such people as you described) are rare nowadays. 3、This basket is 和那个一样的大（as big as that one)。 长句：
1. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come out from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.
（分析） as是连词的作用，译为“当....时候”，引导时间状语从句
（译文） 当文字开始倾泻，观点就会明朗，自己就会跃然纸上或是呈现在你的屏幕上。 2. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near. （分析）as引导的是时间状语从句，译为“随着.....”
（译文） 很有可能，你会相信这比你实际用的时间要长，随着最终期限的临近，你就会以茫然地盯着纸这样的方式而结束。
as 可以作介词、关系代词、连词，分别引导状语、定语从句、状语从句。
It is known to everybody that
It is… that … 形式主语，强调句型
强调句型：无指代关系，也无实义，去掉后剩余的词仍能单独组成一个完整的句子。 eg. It is in 1998 that I came to Beijing.
It is clear that I came to Beijing. 我来到北京这件事是显而易见的。（形式主语）
简单句的构成，简单句中最主要的部分就是时态和语态的问题；语法的真正考查只有在翻译和写作当中。另外就是简单句的句型形式，复合句就是两个简单句之间的逻辑关系，逻辑关系搭配不一样才会形成不同的复合句形式；三大类复合句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句；在这些句子中反复出现的单词就是as；高级语法中将会讲定语从句的省略、状语从句的省略、分词作状语、分词作定语以及独立主格结构、虚拟语气的使用、倒装、否定结构的运用。
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