Smoking is harmful to our heath, as we know. As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.
eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss（ ） came as a surprise . A. It B. that C. as D. which (3)that和which的区别：
①什么时候不能用that，只能用which：非限定性定语从句中，即逗号之后； eg：The tree, that is 400 years old, which is very famous here.
②什么时候不能用that，只能用which：非限定性定语从句中，即逗号之后；介词后面不能用that，只能用which；
eg：The tree, that is 400 years old, which is very famous here. We depend on the land, from which we can get our food. in that：因为；
（4）什么时候不能用which，只能用that：
① 前面的先行词是不定代词，包括all，anything，nothing，the one， much，little等； eg：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said? ② 如果先行词中出现了the only, the very等； eg：This is the only way that we can think out.
③ 如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级； eg：This is the best film that I have ever seen. ④ 如果先行词中即有人，又有物；
eg：They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday.
例：Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems (他们至今还没找到答案）.
They haven’t found solutions/answers to these problems.
There are many problems which they haven’t found solutions/answers to. 例：（与我成长的地方相比），this town is more prosperous and exciting. Compared with the place in which/where I grew up, 例：（听到他告诉我的消息），I couldn’t help laughing． Hearing the news which/that he told me,
例：Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities.
当先行词中是the way的时候，后面的连接词可以用that，可以用which和in which，甚至可以不填；
六.名词性从句
名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、补语从句及同位语从句；
定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分；
（1）同位语从句
eg：I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School. 同位语从句：对前面名词的进一步解释；
英语中的简单句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。 eg：He is a student.
Are you a student?
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Who is a student?
同位语从句：关系词不再和前面的名词有关系，而是取决于后面的从句； eg：I know the fact. He is a student.
I know the fact that he is a student. eg：I have a question.
Are you a student?
I have a question whether you are a student. I have a question who is a student. ①?? 从句仍然接在名词之后，名词有可能为answer，belief，concept，explanation，fact，
hope, message, news, promise, prove, question, thought等，后面可以接同位语从句； 形式：名词+从句；连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式； 如果是陈述句，直接加that引导；
一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether或者if； 特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序； eg： The news soon spread the whole school. They had won the game.
The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school. The news that they had won the game came. News came that they had won the game. eg： Information has been issued.
More middle school student will be admitted to universities.
Information that more middle school student will be admitted to universities has been issued.
Information has been issued that more middle school student will be admitted to universities. eg The question was answered by the family doctor Whether we should send for an specialist.
The question whether we should send for an specialist was answered by the family doctor.
同位语从句的形式和定语从句的形式非常相似，两者最大的区别在于同位语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的解释，定语从句的功能在于对前面的名词进行进一步的修饰和限定；
如果关系词为weather，how, what, 一定是同位语从句；
如果名词前的关系词为when, where, why，若when前面的名词是地点，where前面的名词是时间，why 前面的名词是原因，那么一定是定语从句；若when, where, why前面不是地点、时间和原因，那么是同位语从句；
如果关系词为which，则通过中文翻译进行区分；若which能翻译成哪一个，则一定是同位语从句，若不能，则为定语从句；
如果关系词为that，则需要对句子进行成分分析来判定；如果that在句子中充当成分，则是定语从句，否则即为同位语从句；
eg：The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good. The suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good.
例：The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation's moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.
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(2) 宾语从句
从句部分的连词取决于从句时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句； eg：We must find out who did all these. I want to know whether he will come. I hope that he will come. ① 宾语从句的时态：如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式，则宾语从句的时态应相应变成过去
时态；如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理，不管宾语从句前的动词时什么时态，宾语从句都用一般现在时；
eg：The teacher told us that the earth is round.
eg：Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. ② 宾语从句后接陈述句，用that引导，则that一般可以省略；
eg：I think that you are right. ③ 宾语从句如果谓语动词是doubt，后面接的一般疑问句通常用weather或if引导；如果前
面的谓语动词是don't doubt，则后面从句的连接词一定是that； eg：I doubt whether he is telling the truth. I don't that he is telling the truth.
宾语从句如果谓语动词是wonder，句型为I wonder if，后面的连接词不能用weather； ④宾语从句的否定转移：
① think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式； eg：I don't think I know you. I don' t believe he will come.
② 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. （3）表语从句 构成方式：
若从句为陈述句，直接加that；
若从句为特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；
若从句为一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上weather或者if；
eg：China is no longer what she used to be.
The question is who is responsible for what has happened. （4）主语从句：主语变成一个句子 构成方式：
若从句为陈述句，直接加that；
若从句为特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序； 若从句为一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；
位置：直接置于句首；
eg：That the college will take in more students is true. Whether he will come or not hasn't been decided. Why he isn't here is not clear to everyone.
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it 做形式主语的情况： （1）It is+名词+主语从句；
eg：It is a pity that you should have to leave. （2）It is+形容词+主语从句；
eg：It is clear that the whole project is due to failure.
如果是It is necessary/important/strange/natural+that引导的主语从句，从句中的谓语动词一定要用should+动词原形；
eg：It is necessary that one should master the skills of operating computer. （3）It is+过去分词+主语从句；It is said/planted/expected?
eg：It is said that President Bush will visit our school next week. （4）It is+不及物动词+形容词表语形式+主语从句； eg：It seemed certain that he will win the prize. 七、 从句的判别和应用 从句的判别和应用：
eg：Weather she will come or not is unknown.（主语从句） It is unknown whether he will come or not.（主语从句） I don't know whether he will come or not.（宾语从句） The question is whether he will come or not.（表语从句）
The question whether he will come or not is not settled.（同位语从句） 例：09年6月真题
__________(很多人没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports , and football in particular .
what many people didn't realize 例：08年12月真题
It was very dark, but Mary seemed to (本能地知道该走哪条路) . know which way to take by instinct 宾语从句 例：07年12月真题
In my sixties, one change I notice is that _________________ (我比以前更容易累了). I feel/get tired more easily than before 例：真题08年6月
Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but- regardless of whether it is or isn't - we won't do much about it.
例： Because they usually receive the same score on standard examinations. There is often disagreement at who is the better student, Bob or Hellen？ 例：真题08年12月
Your resume should attract a would-be boss's attention by demonstrating _____ (为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选). 宾语从句
why you would be the best candidate for a certain position.
例： Since my childhood I have found that ________ (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力). Nothing is more attractive/appealing to me than reading 八 状语从句 状语从句：两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接；状语从句用来表达两个句子
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之间的逻辑关系；分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等九大类型； eg：I got up late.
I was late for school.
Because I got up late, I was late for school. （原因状语从句） I got up late，so I was late for school. （结果状语从句） 1. 地点状语：
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever，everywhere 引导； eg：Where I live there are plenty of trees.
Wherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work.
Wherever=no matter where
Everywhere they went, they were warmly received. Where there is a will, there is a way.
where：不能翻译成在??地方时，通常翻译为如果，表示在??条件下； eg: Where you are confident，you will succeed.
eg：Where previously the bank had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects , such as dams, roads and bridges，it begin to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.
concentrated on ：集中于； 2. 方式状语从句：
方式状语从句通常由as, as if, as though，the way, what引导； eg：Always do to the others as you would be done by. When enter Rome do as the Romans do.
（1）as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是\正如?\，\就像\； （2）as if/though：\仿佛??似的\，\好像??似的\ 有时用虚拟语气，有时不用；
eg：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. （与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. （实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） （3）the way：可以连接两个句子，表达就像??一样； eg：I should do the job the way my father did.
Many Europeans now apparently view the US. the way many Americans view Mexican as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party. （4）what：就像，犹如；
eg：Air is to man what/as water is to fish. 句型：A is to B what C is to D.
eg：A1 Gore calls global warming an \could put us on a path to a solution.
put sb. on a path to a solution：找到解决的办法； 3. 目的状语从句
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