（8）This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
【词汇突破】discrimination：歧视 alphabet：字母表
【主干识别】This refers to discrimination against those加定语从句 【其他成分】for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage：插入语，可改写为：for those who are unaware of such a disadvantage as yet理解起来会方便很多；as yet至今；whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet定语从句。
【微观解析】若是对于句中的插入语理解起来有困难，不妨试着改变它的句式结构，将长定语还原为定语从句，而这种方法的逆向思维可以与写作相结合，使文章的句式更加灵活多变。
【译文赏析】对于那些还不了解这种危害的人来说，它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视
（9）Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the \balls\among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
【词汇突破】regularity 常规性；conformity 一致性；conventional 传统的
desirable 令人满意的，令人希望的，值得拥有的
例：It is desirable that you should be there by two o’clock.（希望你两点能到那里。）
【主干识别】Nor is management to be blamed. Nor置于句首引起倒装，正常语序为management is not to be blamed.
【其他成分】if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect状语从句；
for discriminating against the \balls\among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who \状语。 【微观解析】if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect主干为：regularity and conformity are as desirable；to a standard pattern定语修饰regularity and conformity；to the scientist状语； as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect. As 引导的定语从句修饰 regularity and conformity，as在句中做 reflect的宾语，如果在科学家的论文中所反应出的对于标准模板的遵守和认同正是其所想得到的话。
【难点揭秘】由于nor 置于句首所引起的倒装和由as 所引导的定语从句造成阅读上的困难。
【译文赏析】如果在科学家的论文中所反应出的对于标准模板的遵守和认同正是其所想得到的话，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的\思维与众不同的人\，喜欢其中较为传统的\善于团队合作\的思想者而受到指责了。
（10）But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
词汇突破：glimpse快速的看一眼；Disregard 抛弃、丢弃；Irrelevant不相干；Instantaneously 立即；Winding 蜿蜒曲折的；Suspicious 可疑的
主干识别：the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent 并列的两个动词 glimpse和disregard
其他成分：that is irrelevant 修饰 the 98 percent; focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 现在分词短语做状语，focus 的动作发出者就是句子主语human mind;
微析：the monkey or the single suspicious face 为focus on 的并列宾语
译文赏析: 但是人类的大脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立刻放弃98％的不相关信息，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。
（11）With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.
【词汇突破】abandoned 抛弃；extended family 大家庭
【主干识别】centralization has come with economic growth.在写作的时候可以用这个句型：with B has come A（随着B……A……）
【其他成分】:fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households冒号后接定语修饰centralization。
【微观解析】fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities为句子主干，where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.定语从句修饰cities。 【难点揭秘】对于倒装的识别和系动词完成时态的识别。
【译文赏析】随着经济的增长，出现了集中化：全国1．19亿公民，其中整整76％的人口定居城市：在这里，原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭.
（12）The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. 主干识别：这是一个带有结果状语从句的系表结构，主句系表结构的框架为： The …languages were so different from… that … 各种语言是如此的不同，以至于……
其他成分：结果状语：some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料 定语：The newly described languages 这些新近被描述的语言
介词from 的宾语：the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia
经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言
翻译点拨: accused sb. of sth. (指责／谴责某人作了某事)
fabricating（捏造, 伪造, 虚构） The newly described（这些新近被描述的） strikingly different（显著的不同）
the well studied languages（经过充分研究的各种语言）的准确译法 此句难点有三处：1）strikingly different 差别显著。许多人不理解strikingly，要么不译，要么错译为“严格不同”，“完全差别”。 2）so…that (如此…) 以至于。由于so…that间隔长，有的考生看不道这一句法结构，错把that后的从句当作South Asia的定语，译文语义混乱。 3）fabricating 编造。这个词许多人不认识，错译为 “构造”，“修饰”，“弄错”或“修改”。
参考译文：这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责Boas 和Sapir编造了他们的资料。
（13）Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
词汇突破：head-scratching：令人头疼的；Puzzlement困惑
主干识别： This project has turned out to be findings combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement 加上后面一系列的对于findings的修饰。 其他成分： Sad to say 状语： 遗憾的说。
about what in the world those readers really want.定语修饰puzzlement （about +what 引导的从句）。In the world 状语做插入语，表示强调。从句的主干为：what those readers really want.
微观解析： factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes。这个并列结构是factual errors和spelling and grammar mistakes的并列。combined with 相当一个连词and 。
译文赏析：遗憾的说，这个项目最终被证明是一个很低级的研究，它着眼于错误的事实和拼写以及语法的问题，还有很多关于读者究竟想要什么的困惑。
（14） The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. 词汇突破：courtship 求爱期； Initiative 主动性;
Indiscriminate不加选择的，不分青红皂白的；（何凯文出品） 随意的，任性的，任意的； try on 耍花招、哄骗
remotely plausible 不合理的； tentativeness 试探性的
主干识别：The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair
其他成分： something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. （something 前面句子的同位语,后面加上定语从句何凯文）
参考译文：男性在求爱时的主动是一件很随意之事, 就是哄骗和戏弄那些进入他们视野而没有合理借口的女人，当然这一切都只是试探性的程度。
（15）Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non socialist countries other than the United States. 词汇突破： interference 干扰；Other than 除了
主干识别: those economists have not considered the economies of non socialist countries other than the United States.（一定找出主干） 定语从句：who argue that allowing the free market to operate without