（40）When carving, Plato said, one should be aware of the natural joints. It is a sound principle, but one that American politicians often forget when it is time to redraw the electoral map. 词汇讲解：carve 雕刻；Plato 柏拉图
natural joint (自然连接处，如竹节，木节等） sound 有道理的； electoral map 选区
主干识别：同样这是两个句子：
第一个句子主干：one should be aware of the natural joints
第二个句子主干：并列引起了省略补全之后是：It is a sound principle but ( it is )the one =principle. 其他成分：第一句:Plato said 插入语
when carving， 状语，carving 动作的发出者是 one; 这是典型的非谓语动词做状语。
第二句：that American politicians often forget 定语从句; when it is time to redraw the electoral map.定语从句中的状语从句 翻译点拨：定语从句，定语很多时候都不会翻译为：...的，而是翻译为单独的一个句子。
参考译文：柏拉图说过，一个人在雕刻的时候应该注意到材料的自然连接处（竹节，木节），这是一个合理的原则，但是当美国的政客们在重新划分选区的时候 却忘记了这个原则。
注释：选区的划分要注意种族，语言，文化的自然地理划分。自然的连接相当于一个比喻。
（41） BlackBerrys, it is true, still have lots of enthusiastic followers. Commuters and corporate road warriors needing to keep in touch with colleagues and clients swear by them, as well as into them and at them. 词汇点拨： BlackBerrys 黑莓手机（一种手机品牌）； Commuters 上下班的人（通常距离比较远的人）（通勤者）n. （远距离）上下班往返的人 corporate road warriors 公司中经常出差的人 ； swear by 信赖
swear into 使用（语境理解的，没有这个固定短语，估计是作者自创的） swear at 咒骂（固定短语）
主干识别：今天其实是两个句子 第一句的主干很简单：BlackBerrys still have lots of enthusiastic followers. 第二个句子的主干是：Commuters and corporate road warriors swear by them, as well as into them and at them. （them指代黑莓手机）
其他成分：第一句： it is true 主谓结构做插入语； 同时省略了 that ； it is true that...
第二句： needing to keep in touch with colleagues and clients 定语修
饰前面的两种人。（这里有歧义，可能修饰两种人，也可能修饰第二种 人，通过句子无法判断，所以不用纠结，语言就是有这样的歧义，考试是不会成为考点的）
参考译文：确实，黑莓手机有自己一帮忠实的追随者。那些远距离上下班的人和
公司里的出差狂人们，他们需要和同事客户保持联系，他们信赖黑莓手机，使用 黑莓手机，同时也在咒骂黑莓手机。
(42) The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition. 主干识别：The Environmental Revolution will be judged
其他成分： by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, 状语
one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition名词 path的同位语 翻译点拨：这个句子虽然长，但是不难翻译，只是注意主句的翻译： The Environmental Revolution will be judged 直接翻译：环境革命被...评判
被动转为主动就可以转译为：判断（评价）环境革命的标准是...
参考译文：评价环境革命的标准就是看它能否使世界经济转变到在环境上可持续发展的道路上，这条路能使经济有更大保障、生活方式更加健康、全球人类生活状况普遍改善。
(43) Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased “opportunities” for stress.
【解析】adding to a woman’s increase dose of stress chemicals 为V-ing,而后接复数系动词可以判定为倒装；正常语序为：her increased “opportunities” for stress are adding to a woman’s increase dose of stress chemicals. Adding to A is B ; 这种结构也可以翻译为：除了A... 【参考译文】除开女性更多的压力物质外，还有就是她更多的受压力的机会。
(44) I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands.
【词汇突破】M&A 为mergers and acquisitions 的缩写表示合并和兼并的意思为经济术语。
underlie 构成…的基础；导致…发生。
例如：The social problems underlying these crises remain unsolved.（引起这些危机的社会问题尚未解决。）
trade and investment barriers 贸易和投资壁垒
globalization process 全球化进程(可以作为写作词汇使用)
【主干识别】I believe that+宾语从句
【其他成分】the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same 为宾语从句主干；that underlie the globalization process为定语从句；“：”后为对forces的解释；
【微观解析】三种力量的并列为falling transportation and communication costs,以及lower trade and investment barriers 和 enlarged markets后面接一个定语从句 that require enlarged operations和后置定语形容词短语：capable of meeting customers demands
【译文赏析】我认为巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力和促进全球化进程的力量是一样的：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及为能满足消费者需求而大幅度拓展得市场。
(45) The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom. 【词汇突破】illustrate 例证； in terms of 根据，以…为依据；
【主干识别】The trend was most obvious and can be illustrated. 主系表结构两个并列的动词
【其他成分】naturally ,in those areas of science , in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom为状语。
【微观解析】based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修饰状语中的名词science做定语。
【难点揭秘】naturally 和 especially 副词做状语放的位置都不是在开头和结尾，而是放在了中间部分，这样给我们阅读带来一定的困扰，但是难点既亮点，我们在写作的过程中就可以灵活的运用：based especially on这样的表达了。 【译文赏析】很自然，这种趋势会在尤以数学或实验室训练为基础的自然学科领域中表现的最为明显，并且可以用英国的地质学发展作为例证来说明。 【翻译点拨】把副词放到开头来翻译，正是体现了前面所讲到的副词很多时候就是在修饰整个句子。
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the
determination of prices by the seller) as both \and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price- fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its produces for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.
Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states. These economies employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the member of an industry are common-place. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the