knowledge)。由陈述性知识到程序性知识有个发展过程:认知、联想 和自主阶段。在认知阶段只有陈述性知识,陈述性知识以解释的方式 提取,速度很慢;在联想阶段,既有陈述性知识也有程序性知识,但提取 速度仍不够快。自主阶段的知识完全程序化了,其提取速度极快。认 知技能发展模式能较好地解释认知能力的习得,并且可以从人类各种 认知技能的习得过程中找到例证,尤其是口译技能的习得过程。
目前我国口译理论研究主要有两大特征:第一,口译理论研究呈现 出跨学科、全方位、多视角的特点。具体表现在:(1) 口译过程研究由 描述口译阶段、过程的层面逐渐深入到研究译员思维活动过程的规律; (2) 口译标准研究由关于一般原则的比较抽象概括的经验总结上升为 有理论指导的客观、量化的研究;(3) 口译研究由研究操作性技巧深入 到研究译员的认知模型和整体译能。第二,我国的口译研究正在由纯 技能的单学科研究转向理论与实证相结合的跨学科研究,这为我国口
译研究工作者和教学人员提出了新的课题和挑战,要求我们以新思维 和新视野,运用篇章语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学、认知科学、跨文 化交际学、语料库语言学等相关学科的知识,建立种既基于我国口译 现实,也符合国际口译标准,伺时又具有很强的描述性和解释性的先进 的口译理论。
我国口译研究与译员培训正处于蓬勃发展阶段,需要及时了解国 际信息,需要借鉴国际经验。对有志从事口译理论研究和口译教学研 究的人员,对有意接受专业培训的学生,我们在“第一部分”结束之际提 供一些国外翻译组织、翻译协会和培训机构的网址,仅供参考。
一
翻译组织网址:
American Translations Association (ATA) : www.atanet.org Association Internationale des Interpretes de Conference (AIIC) : www.aiic.net Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators Inc. (AUSIT) : www. ausit. org
California Healthcare Interpreters Association (CHIA) : www. interpreter schia. org
Conference of Interpreter Trainers (CIT) : www.cit-asl.org
European Forum of Sign Language Interpreters (EFSLI) : www. efsli. org. uk
Institute of Linguists (IOL) : www. iol. org. uk Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI) : www. iti. org. uk International Federation of Translators (FIT) : www. fit-ift.org Japan Association for Interpretation Studies (JAIS) : www. jais- org.net
Massachusetts Medical Interpreters Association ( MMIA): www. mmia. org
National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters (NAATI) : www.naati.com.au
National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators (NAJIT) : www.najit.org
National Council on Interpretation in Health Care (NCIHC): www. ncihc. org
Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf Inc. (RID) : www. rid. org Society of Federal Linguists, Inc. (SFL,): www. federal- linguists. org
The American Association of Language Specialists (TAALS): www. taals. net
The European Babelea Association for Community Interpreting (BABELEA) : www.babelea.org
翻译培训机构网址: www. aati. org. ar/contactenos. htm www. acebo. com/index. htm www. aiic. net/ViewPage. cfm/pages372. htm www. ata-spd. org/education. htm www. bath. ac. uk/esml//int-trans/index. htm www. catalog, hawaii. edu/academic _ units/arts-sciences/departments/ it. htm www. comune. torino. it/infogio/skede/interpre. htm www. deraaij. com/irt/schools. html www. emcinterpreting. net/default. htm www. esenar. com/Educ. htm
www. gradschools. com/listings/out/translation-out. html www. iatis. org/content/links. php www. iti. org. uk/indexMain. html www. lai. com/edures. html www. lai. com/lai/bonono. txt
www. letspeak. com/links/translatorsassocations. html www. ling. mq. edu. au/translation/programs_ma. htm www. miis. edu/ gsti-about-dean. html www. mm-translations, com/qualifications. htm www. ncl. ac. uk/postgraduate/taught/subjects/modernlanguages/ courses/82
www.omt. org. mx/general, htm
www. proz. com/translator associations
wWw.sft.fr/liens/index.html www. sfu. ca/aip/links. htm
www.sfu.ca/cstudies/lang/aip/home.htm
www. sprachenzentrus. fu-berlin. de/confint/Welcome. html www. ucm. es/info/iulmy t/centros. htm