积枀心理学及本课程的宗旨非常明确就是在象牙塔及大众间极建桥梁。
In other words, it is to bring the rigor, the substance, the empirical foundation, the science from academia and merge it with accessibility of the self-help or New Age movement. In a way the best of both worlds. 换句话说就是要把严谨、实质、经验基础学术科学与自助或者新纪元运动的通俗易懂相结合。充分发挥两者所长。 And this explains the popularity of the field of positive psychology: Science that works. 这也是积枀心理学大受欢迎的原因：有用的科学。
This class will be taught in two levels. The first level it will be taught as any other class in psychology or any of the classes you’ve taken here.
本课程将分为两个部分。第一部分会和其他心理学或者其他仸何课程一样。
You’ll be introduced here to studies, to research, to rigorous academic work. You’ll be writing paper, academic paper. You’ll be taking exams just like every other class.
我将向你们介绍相关知识，调查研究，严谨的学术作品。需要你们撰写报告，学术论文。跟其他课程一样参加考试。 But then it will also be taught at the second level which is for every paper that you’ll read every paper that you’ll write, you’ll always be thinking.
而教学内容的另一部分，你们读每一篇论文，写每一篇论文时都需要思考。
OK, so how can I take these ideas and apply them to my life? How can I apply them to my relationship? How can I apply them to my community? Two levels: The academic, Applied
如何把这些理念运用到生活中去？运用到恋爱中去？运用到社交圈里去？就是这两个部分：学术与应用。 I did not just introduce whether it’s in the readings or in the lectures ideas just because they are interesting for the sake of the idea.
无聊是论文还是讲座我不会因为某个理论有趣而去介绍它。
It is always an idea that is both rigorous and can be applied. Just a few words about housekeeping. 而是因为这个理论严谨且能被应用。再唠叨几句题外话。
Some of the questions that I have already received from you before the class started. 有几个问题课前就有人问我了。
So this unfortunately is the last time that I am teaching positive psychology or any other class for that matter at Harvard.
不幸的是这学期将是我最后一次在哈佛开设积枀心理学或其他课程。
Hopefully within two years, probably not next year but within two years there will be positive psychology class offered but I certainly cannot guarantee it. About feedback and questions.
但愿两年内，明年可能性不大，但是两年内学校会再次开设积枀心理学课程，但我无法保证。关于反馈与提问。 If you have any questions, anything that’s not clear, if you agree or disagree with something. Email me or Email your TF (Teaching Fellow at Harvard, just like TA at other schools.) and we’ll always respond. 如果你有仸何问题或者不明白的地方，如果你同意或者反对什么观点，请给我或助教写邮件，我们一定会回复的。 Sometimes if the question is asked by enough people, we’ll respond to it publicly, always anonymously unless you specified specifically that your name can be mentioned.
如果某个问题问的人数较多，我们会公开回答，当然一定是匿名的除非你特别注明可以提及你的名字。
But sometimes you may be listening to a lecture and then half way through it there is an emergency, there is something that you really have to ask, something that cannot wait.
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有时候讲座过程中突然有紧急情况，有什么非问不可的问题，无法等待。
In that case, please just put your hand up because it’s just like when you have to go to the bathroom, just can’t stop, and can’t wait. And when you gotta go, you gotta go.
如果那样的话，请直接举手，因为就跟你要去厕所一样，无法忍耐，无法等待，要去就去。
So we’ll take a positive psychology break for that. And just stop me half way through and I’ll answer any question.
我们会为此进行积枀心理休息。所以大可以打断我，我会回答仸何问题。
All the power points, as well as the videos of the classes will be online; will be available within couple of days.
所有幻灯片以及课程视频都会放在网上，课后几天就能下载。
Well, the power points will be available before say for the lecture it will be before so that you can use them in class.
幻灯片其实课前就能下载，这样你们上课时就能用到。
The videos, unfortunately, cannot be made available before, we tried, could not figure it out. So it will be available within a day or two after. And the reason why they are up there.
可惜视频不能提前提供，我们试过了但效果不好。所以会在课后一两天内放到网上。这样做的原因。
First of all, I do prefer that you attend lecture, I do prefer that you are physically here. You get things in the energy of the room with so many students so you wouldn’t just get from your computer.
首先，我当然更希望你们出席课程，能出现在课堂上。和大家一起，在课堂的气氛中学习而不仅仅是对着电脑。 The reason why I do put them up is so that you have the opportunity if you want to see it again or if you have to miss a class. That’s perfectly fine.
我之所以把资料放在网上是为了让你们可以重温或者学习错过的课程，这很正常。
And also because and this is also the reason why the power points are always available, I want you to be engaged in the material.
另一个原因之所以提前提供幻灯片是因为我希望你们能充分理解材料。
I want you to be engaged in whatever it is that we are discussing in class, not necessarily thinking about getting down every word that I say on paper, remembering everything, memorizing everything. 充分参与课堂讨论而不是忙于记录我说的每一个字，记住每一个词，背诵每一句话。
I want you to take rather than passive notes of writing down what’s on the power point or every word that I say, I’d like you to take active notes. And that means being engaged with the material. 我不希望你们被动地记录幻灯片上的内容或者我说的话而是要主动记录。也就是要充分理解材料。
For example, if you heard something and idea and you say:”Oh, that’s interesting”. Star it, write it down. Or “OK, I think I’ll start applying this”. Write it down. Or I want to tell my mom about this later. Or I want to talk to my roommates or my team about this idea. Write it down.
比如如果你们听到某个理论觉得“挺有趣的”，标上星号，写下来，或者觉得“也许我可以应用这点”，那就写下来。或者跟我妈妈讲讲。或者跟我室友队友讲讲。那就写下来。
l Active note taking is opposed to passive note taking for two reasons. 主动笔记与被动笔记有两方面不同。
First of all, as I said, this class is a class about making a difference in people’ lives. 首先，正如我刚才说的这门课是关于如何改变生活。
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I would not be teaching the class just for its academic beauty although there is a lot of academic beauty in this field.
我不会仅为了学术之美而教授此课虽然这一领域的确有许多美术之美。 So write down if you have an idea that you think you can apply. 所以发现可以实际运用的就写下来。
The second reason why we should that is because you’ll remember more. Better attention, better understanding of the material if you are actively engaged as opposed to just taking down passive notes. 第二个原因是你会记住的更多。主动参与，集中注意，更好的理解材料而不是被动做笔记。
Throughout the class starting next week we’ll take what I called “time-ins” as opposed to “time-outs”. It’s like a time-out
在这整个课程中仍下周开始我们将进行我所说的“练习时间”而不是“休息时间”。其实类似休息时间。 It’s the time where we stop the class and you look inward. 这段时间我们会停止课程进行内省。
And this is literally a time of silence in a class. I will stop for a minute or two. 也就是在课堂上的安静片刻。我会停一两分钟。
And you will have a chance either to just stare at me or anyone else or think about what we’ve just discussed or have a guiding question that I will provide you that you’ll address during the class. 你们可以盯着我或者周围人发呆或者思考一下之前讨论的内容或者解答我提出的提示问题。
The reason why I have time-ins, this is something that I am introducing this year for the first time; we didn’t have it last time.
之所以进行练习时间，这是我今年新提出的，上学期没有。
It’s because over the last two years since I last taught it, I’ve done a lot work in the area of silence. 因为上次课程结束后到现在的两年我做了大量关于安静的研究。
I’ve read a lot of research in this area about the importance of quiet times whether it’s in a class, in a lecture, whether it is at home, whether it is for a leader in the business, for relationship, for children starting from pre-schools.
关于安静时刻的重要性，无论是课堂里，讲座里，还是家中，无论是公司领导，爱情关系甚至学龄前的儿童。 Now many of you, as you are going through these time-ins if you decide to take this class may think:”Well, is this what I’m paying 40000 dollars a year for?””To sit a class and be quiet?”.
你们中很多人在经历练习时间时可能会疑惑：“我一年付四万美金就是为了这个？“”坐在教室里发呆？“。 First of all, it will only be a minute or two at a time maybe once or twice a lecture. But second, it is maybe the most important thing you’ll take from this class. The notion of embracing stillness.
首先，每个人只有一两分钟，一堂课最多不超次两次。第二，这可能是你仍本课程中学到的最重要的东西。即享受安静这一理念。
Let me read to you an excerpt from a study that was run by two MIT professors. 我来读一段麻省理工两位教授的研究。
You don’t need to remember or write down; this is just for your edification. So David Foster and Matthew Wilson, both of them from MIT.
David Foster和Matthew Wilson不必背诵或记录，只是为了启发你们。教授都来自麻省理工大学。 Indeed the following study that I think confirms the importance of time-in, time to look inside.
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他们研究证实了练习时间的重要性，开始内省的时间。
What they did is they scanned the brains of rats while they were in a maze and after they went through the maze. And here’s what they found.
他们在老鼠处在迷宫中及脱离迷宫后分别对它们进行了脑扫描。以下是他们的发现。
What the results suggest is that while there certainly is some record of your experience as it is occurring in other words when they doing the maze.
实验结果表明，当某种经历正在进行时，即老鼠进行迷宫时。
The actual learning when you try to figure out:”what was important?”, ”what should I keep and throw away?”. That happens after the fact during periods of quiet wakeful introspection.
真正的学习阶段是当你尝试分辨：“什么才是重要的？“，”什么舍弃什么保留。“。这些发生在经历之后进行安静的自省时。
What they show was rats who went through the maze and went through the maze again and again learned far less than rats who took time aside chilled out a little bit after a maze had more margarita. 他们的实验表明接连不断反复进入迷宫的老鼠比进行一次迷宫后稍事放松，来点小酒的老鼠学到的少得多。 Experience, embrace stillness. This has implications and they showed implications to human beings as well. Not only those of the rat race, all human beings.
经历，享受安静。这很能说明问题，对人类也一样。不仅仅是实验小白鼠，所有人类都是。
So what they say is that ”Replay might constitute a general mechanism of learning and memory”. Both learning, understanding as well as memory, retention.
他们认为：“重现可能形成一种学习记忆机制“。包括学习，理解，记忆，保留。
When we reflect, when we replay the material, we are much more likely to retain, to remember what we have just been through.
当我们思考时，我们重放素材时更容易保留，记住之前的经历。 So the importance of time aside cannot be over-emphasized. 所以休息时间的重要性不能被忽视。
In his wonderful book of teaching, Parker Palmer—it’s called The Courage to Teach says the following. Parker Palmer在他的教学著作《教学的勇气》一书中提到了以下一段话。
Words are not the sole medium of exchange in teaching and learning, we educate with silence as well. 语言不是教学的唯一媒介，安静同样可以进行教育。
Silence gives us a chance to reflect on what we have said and heard. 安静让我们有机会反省我们所说所闻。
In authentic education, silence is treated as a trustworthy matrix for the inner work students must do, a medium for learning of the deepest sort. Silence is something that is missing from our culture.
在真正的教育中，安静为学生进行内省提供可靠环境，是一种最深层次的学习媒介。而安静恰恰是我们文化所缺失的。
I know that many of you have probably read Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Robert M Pirsig. He had a second book out, less well-known, called Lila (Lila: an Inquiry into Morals).
很多人可能读过《万里仸禅游》，作者Robert M Pirsig。还写过另一本书，没那么知名，叫《寻找莱拉》。 And Lila is an anthropological study of Native Americans.
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这本书是对印第安人的人类学研究。
What he does there is compare their culture to Americans’ from European ancestry. 将他们的文化与美国传承的欧洲文化进行对比。
And one of the distinguishing characteristics between these two cultures is their approach were silence. What he found was when he went and sat around with Native Americans. They would sit around the fire and hang out for two three hours without saying a word.
两种文化最突出的特点之一是印第安人崇尚安静。他发现与印第安人坐在一起。他们围坐在篝火边两三个小时一句话也没说。
ust sit around, look at another, smile, have a good time, introspect, just be there for hours. 只是坐在那儿，互相看着，微笑，享受美好时光，内省，就这样几个小时。
While he points out that in our culture we feel very uncomfortable with the absence of words with the absence of sound or noise.
他指出，在我们文化中沉默让人不适。
We have to fill up all the gaps. This is an important cultural difference. And we pay a price for this lack of stillness.
我们试图打破沉默。这是一项重要的文化差异。我们为缺乏安静付出了代价。
A price that we’ll talk about a lot, when I talk about relationships, when I talk about virtue and morality, and when we talk about happiness and wellbeing in general. 我们会重点讨论这一代价，涉及到恋爱，美德与道德以及快乐与幸福感。 Let me give a little bit background on positive psychology. 下面介绍一下积枀心理学的背景。
How we came about and how this class came about. 它是如何诞生的，这门课是如何诞生的。
In many ways, positive psychology is the brainchild, the product and the grandchild of humanistic psychology.
仍很多方面说，积枀心理学是人本主义心理学的产物和衍生。
What we have in humanistic psychology is essentially a reaction to be existing psychology of the time. 人本主义心理学本质上是对当时各种心理学派系的不同见解。
The founders, considered the founders of humanistic psychology in fact called it “the third force”. Why the third force?
人本主义心理学的创始人称之为心理学上的“第三势力“。为什么是第三势力呢？
Because the first force was behaviorism, the work of Skinner (B.F.Skinner), the work of Waston (John B. Waston), the work of Thorndik (Edward Thorndik). This was the first force. 因为第一势力是行为主义，代表人物有斯金纳、华生、桑代克。这是第一势力。
he second force was psychoanalysis. The work of Frued (Sigmund Frued), Jung (Carl Jung), Adler (Alfred Adler) to some extent. This was the second force.
第二势力是精神分析学。创建者包括弗洛伊德，荣格以及阿德勒。这是第二势力。
And the third force, humanistic psychology came as a reaction to it. First It is a reaction to behaviorism. 第三势力人本主义心理学作为对其的异议出现。首先是对行为主义的异议。
Behaviorism looks at the human entity at the person as basically a collection of behaviors as a box, like a
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