billiard ball knocked around by reinforcements, by punishment, by reward.
行为主义认为人的主体性，认为人是一个行为集体就像一只被击打而四处滚动的台球，被增强，被惩罚驱动。 And what humanistic psychology said was that we are much more than a billiard ball being knocked around. 但是人本主义心理学说我们不只是被击打的台球。
We have spirit, we have a soul, we have cognitions and thoughts that matter. 我们有精神，有灱魂，我们有重要的认知与思想。
It’s not just behavior that is important for understanding as well as improving life. 不能只靠行为观察，改善人生。
And then psychoanalysis, the second force. 然后是第二势力精神分析学。
The psychoanalysis is about basically understanding mostly through the subconscious that’s how you understand it, that’s how you improve the quality of life. There are defense mechanisms. 精神分析学主要通过潜意识分析，它决定你的理解，决定如何改善生活。还有防卫机制。
There are biological instincts, neurosis, and if you understand these very often dark forces, were better able to deal with life, understand as well as improve the quality of life.
人类本能论，神经症，如果你理解这些黑暗势力就能更好地处理生活，了解并改善生活。 Humanistic psychology says human beings are much more than that. 人本主义心理学认为人类不止如此。
Much more than biological instincts, much more than neurosis. 不仅仅是生理本能，不仅是神经症。
Much more than the person who exists in a Newtonian reality like a billiard ball. 不仅仅是牛顿学说世界里的台球。
We need to value much more the human being. We need to give much more dignity and freedom to the person. There was a problem.
我们要重视人的本质。给予更多的自尊和自由。但有一个问题。
The problem was humanistic psychology is said lacked the rigorous methodology. 人本主义心理学缺少严谨的方法论。
While it brought in many wonderful ideas, talked about the study of well-being, talked about the study of optimism, of kindness, of morality, of virtue, of love, of relationships, of peak experiences, of self-actualization, of empathy.
但它引入了许多精彩的理念，对于幸福感的研究，乐观主义的研究，善良，道德，美德，爱，两性关系，巅峰体验，自我实现，移情。
All these wonderful concepts that we’ll talk about throughout the semester. 这些精彩的概念都会在本学期讨论。
It wasn’t as rigorous about its epistemology, about how we form ideas and how we learn. 它的认识论并不严谨，如何形成理念，如何学习。
And that’s why, in many ways, largely not completely but largely more of into the self-health movements. 所以在很多方面，大部分成为了自助运动。
Interesting ideas, good ideas, important ideas, certainly good intentions. But to some extent without the academic rigor.
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有趣，有益，重要的理念，意图当然是好的。但就某种程度上缺乏学术严谨性。
And that’s why it lacked the impact on academic. That’s why we don’t have partly any humanistic psychology classes offered in universities today. There are very few still around. 所以它在学术上影响很小。所以很少有大学开设人本主义心理学。几乎没有。 And this is why also a lot of it became the New Age essentially. 所以本质上成为了新纪元运动。
But still, it’s humanistic psychology that has in many ways fathered and mothered as we’ll see positive psychology.
但是我们很快就会了解到，人本主义心理学孕育了积枀心理学。
So let’s meet the grandparents. People like Rollo May, People like Carl Rogers. 我们先见见祖父祖母。比如Rollo May和Carl Rogers。
And more than anyone, Abraham Maslow, was the Americans Psychological Association President, was professor just down the road here at Brandeis (Brandeis University). 还有最著名的Abraham Maslow，曾是美国心理学会主席，布兰迪斯大学教授。 And he introduced this humanistic psychology in 1954. 他于1954年提出了人本主义心理学。
He wrote a chapter, called Toward the Positive Psychology. 他写了一章，《为了积枀心理学》。
1954, In it he said we need to also research kindness, goodness, and happiness and optimism. In many ways it was way ahead of his time.
1954年，他在其中写到，我们需要研究善良，美德，快乐与乐观。可以说这是超前于他时代的。
Then if Maslow is the grandfather, then Karen Horney is the grandmother. Initially a psychoanalyst, trained through the works of Frued.
如果说Maslow是祖父，那Karen Horney就是祖母了。她最初是精神分析学者学习弗洛伊德的理论。
She realized the focuses had been too much on the negative, on neurosis, on psychosis and said we also not only but also have to focus on what is working on human organism.
意识到其过于注重消枀面，神经症，精神病，她认为还必须关注影响人类生命体的东西。
We have to work and look at the fine qualities and cultivate those. Because part of being human is being those things as well.
我们需要研究培养那些好的品质。因为它们也是我们的一部分。
In many ways, brought about the movement toward humanistic psychology and through that—positive psychology.
反而向人本主义靠近了，并由此产生了积枀心理学。
Aaron Antonovsky, the third person I would consider the grandfather, brought in the idea of focusing on health. 还有Aaron Antonovsky， 第三位祖父级人物提出了关注健康的理念。
He has a new concept. Or he introduced a new concept. I’ am still here, don’t worry. 他提出了一个新概念。或者说他引进了一个新概念。我还在，别担心。
He introduced a new concept, which he called, his own neologism: salutogenesis. 他引进了一个新概念，他称之为，他个人创造的新词：健康本源学。
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Salutogenesis: salute which is health; genesis which is origin. 健康本源学由两部分组成，saluto健康，genesis起源。
The origin of health, and this was an alternative model, to be conventional ways model of pathologies. 健康的起源这是病理学常规模型的替代模型。
So instead of just studying pathologies whether it’s in physical health or psychological health, we should also study the origin of health.
也就是说除了研究病理学无论是生理健康还是心理健康还需要研究健康的起源。 In many ways that is what prevented medicine is about. 这也是预防医学所关注的。
So this was not a novel idea back in 1970s when he introduced it. 这在1970年是一个全新的理念。
And we will talk a lot about Aaron Antonovsy. 我们会仔细讨论Aaron Antonovsy。 Now the parents. 现在转到父辈。
Martin Seligman considered the father of the positive psychology network of scholars, started the field in 1998.
Martin Seligman被认为是积枀心理学之父与一群相关学者于1998年确立了这一领域。 Like Maslow, he too, was the President of American Psychological Association. 和马斯洛一样也是美国心理协会会长。
And as his mandate, during his presidency he has two aims. 他仸职期间的首要仸务是实现两个目标。
The first aim—to make academic psychology more accessible. 第一，让学院式心理学变得通俗。
In other words, bridge Ivory Tower and Main Street. 也就是说连接象牙塔与普罗大众。 This was the first aim of his presidency. 这是他仸职期间的第一目标。
The second aim was introduce a positive psychology. 第二是引进一个积枀的心理学。
A psychology that will look at also things that work that were not just study depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and neurosis.
需要着眼于有用的东西，不仅仅是研究抑郁、焦虑、精神分裂和神经症。
A psychology a network of scholars who will focus on love, relationships, self-esteem, motivation, resilience and well-being.
还需要关注爱、两性关系、自尊、动机、恢复以及幸福感。
And he introduced these ideas, and it’s all been literally uphill from then. 他提出了这些理念仍那时蓬勃发展起来。
Before Martin Seligman, this all happened in 1998 and we’ll talk about it a little bit more next week. 在Martin Seligman之前都发生在1998年，下次我们会详谈。
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This all happened in 1998. 这都诞生于1998年。
Long before 1998, our very own professor Ellen Langer did research in all these areas, bringing the humanistic spirit and combining it with the academic scientific rigor.
而早在1998年前 Ellen Langer教授就已经研究了这些领域，将人本主义精神与学术科学严谨性结合。 We’ll be talking probably more than any other scholar about her work in this class. 我们对她的讨论会比其他人多。
And another person from Harvard, one of the parents of positive psychology was Philip Stone, who passed away two years ago, yesterday.
还有一位哈佛的教授，积枀心理学的另一位父辈Philip Stone，两年前的昨天去世了。
Both Langer and Stone were my physicist advisors, introduced me to the field of positive psychology into this research.
两位都是我的物理学导师带我进入了积枀心理学领域的研究。
In 1998 when I had the first positive psychology summit, Professor Stone took me along with him. 1998年我第一次参加积枀心理学峰会，Stone教授带我同去。 I was a graduate student. 我那时在攻读硕士学位。
In 1999 he taught the first positive psychology class at Harvard, one of the first in the world. 1999年他首次在哈佛开设了积枀心理学课程，在全球范围内也是首批。
I was his teaching fellow. A couple of years later, he taught it again. l Again, I was his teaching fellow. 我是他的教研员。两年以后，他又重新开设了课程。我仌旧担仸教研员。
And then when I graduated, he suggested I take over his class, and here we are today. So this is 1504. 后来我毕业了，他提议我接手他的课程直到今天。这就是1504号心理学课程。
Let me give you a sense of … in the next half an hour and so, a sense of what you expect in this class. 我再来讲……接下来的半个小时我会向你们介绍下这门课的内容。
The first thing is this class is not just about information; it is also explicitly about transformation. What do I mean by that?
首先，这门课不只是传授信息而且关于如何变形，显而易见。这是什么意思？
You see most of education today is about information. l What is information? l So we have a container which is our mind.
如今大多数教育都只是传达信息。什么是信息？比如，我们有一个容器，也就是我们的思想。
And information is about taking data, taking science, taking information and putting it inside the form. 信息就是接收数据，接收科学，接收信息储存到容器里。
This is information. Now, when this form is filled, that’s when we are educated. 这就是信息。等容器填满了，我们就毕业了。 More information, more data, better. Not enough. 信息数据越多越好。这还不够。
Because it’s not just information that determines our well-being, our success, our-esteem, our motivational lever, the relationship and the quality of our relationships.
因为信息无法决定我们的幸福感、我们的成功、自尊和动机水平、两性关系及其质量。
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It’s much more than information. Transformation is about taking this form and changing it. 光有信息还不够。变形则是把容器的形状改变。
Trans change; form shape, change the form. Trans即改变，Form This is transformation. 即形状，改变形状。这就是变形。
This is distinction that I learned first from at the school Professor Robert Kegan who taught about this. 这是Robert Kegan教授教我的第一区别。
Information in and of itself is not enough. Think about this example. 接收信息关注信息本身是不够的。听听这个例子。
You go for an athletic meet; your aim is to get into the top three, to be a medalist. You come in number eight. 你去参加运动会，目标是进入前三获得奖牌。但是只获得第八名。
What’s the analysis? What’s the interpretation?—Terrible! I just failed. You feel deflated, enervated. 你会如何分析？你会如何解读？太糟糕了，我彻底失败了。你灰心丧气，感到无力。
On the other hand, the exact same event. You came eight when you expected to be top three. 但仍另一个角度看，同样的比赛。你期望获得前三，但只得到第八。
You can interpret is as OK, so what have I learned? I need to work even harder. 你可以解读为，我学到了什么？我还需要更努力的训练。 You become more energized, you learned from the experience. 你会更有动力，仍经验中学习。
In other words, the same objective information which is “I got eighth, I expected top three”. The same information, very different interpretation.
也就是说，同样的客观信息“我是第八名，我目标前三”。同样的信息，截然不同的解读。 One is disaster; the other interpretation is an opportunity. 一个认为是灾难，另一个则当成机遇。
One leads to loss of energy, the other one to increasing energy. 一个让人失去动力，另一个增加动力。
Or think about another very common example. 还有一个很普遍的例子。
We know of many people around the world who seemingly have everything, who are doing well, who have more than they need, and yet they are unhappy.
世界各地很多人似乎拥有了一切，人生顺利，生活富庶但仌然不快乐。
And then there are people around the world who have very little, and yet they never cease, never stop to celebrate life.
而另一些人拥有的不多但仍未中断，仍未停止过享受人生。
And we have another way around as well, people who have everything and appreciate it and enjoy life. 还有相反的情况，拥有一切的人充满感恩，享受生活。
And people who have very little and who see themselves as victim. 生活窘迫的人觉得自己是受害者。
In other words, it’s not just the information that goes in; it’s also the shape, the interpretation, the perception, the focus.
也就是说，重要的不仅仅是获得了什么信息，还是有何形状，如何解读，如何理解，关注的重点。
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