Both European and Asian speak Russia
You can’t speak both American English and British English at the same time. Neither Tom nor you are a driver. Neither I nor he has seen the play. Neither of us is a teacher You don’t like it, Neither do I . She is beautiful as well as clever.
He is a great writer as well as a famous doctor. 三、从属连词
从属连词是用来连接各种从句的词
1、连接主语从句、表语从句与宾语从句的连词只有三个，即that, if, whether。如：
Ask her if she will come with me.
The reason is that she never wasted her time. I don’t know whether he had passed the exam. 2、引导状语从句的从属连词
(1) 连接时间状语从句的从属连词有：since, until, after, before, when, while, as soon as, whenever.
I’ll tell you as soon as I know.
(2) 连接地点状语从句的从属连词有: where, wherever Sit wherever you like.
I found my books where I had left them.
(3) 连接让步状语从句的从属连词有：although, though, even if, however. Although she was tired, she kept on working.
(4) 连接原因状语从句的从属连词有：as, because, since, now that, He was absent because he was ill.
(5) 连接目的状语从句的从属连词有：that, so that, in order that. He raised his voice so that we could hear him.
(6) 连接条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, once, in case. You’ll miss the train unless you hurry up.
(7) 连接结果状语从句的从属连词有：so…that, such…that. He came so late that he missed the class.
(8) 连接比较状语从句的从属连词有：as…as…, not so…as…, less(more)…than, the …the…
This is more than I can accept.
(9) 连接方式状语从句的从属连词有：as, as if It looks as if it was going to rain.
第十一课时 动 词（一）
一、知识概述
在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语。说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”，动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词和名词、代词一样，有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般要与主语的人称和数保持一致。
学好了英语动词相当于学好了一半的英语语法，可见英语动词的重要性。在初中英语中，动词的分类、动词的时态和语态以及动词的各种形式之间的联系，非谓语动词的构成、用法等等贯穿整个初中课本，包括英语句型都离不开动词时态或语态，因此在学习时特别要注意英语中时态的运用和语态之间的区别。
二、动词的分类及作用
按照动词的词义和在句中的作用，英语动词可分为行为动词（又叫实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。
1、行为动词
表示动作或状态，能独立作谓语。如： She took pictures of trees He is typing letters.
行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。 （1）及物动词
及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整。 I enjoyed the film very much
I gave the child another piece of cake. 常见的能带两个宾语的动词有：
bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.
（2）不及物动词
本身词义完整，后面不要求跟宾语。如： Horses run fast.
They work in a factory.
She curled up in bed and began her book. 2、连系动词
（1）本身有词义，不能在句子中单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有：be, look, get, feel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.
My father is an engineer.
My brother has become a doctor. It seems that he was a millionaire. I don’t feel very well today.
（2）表示感觉知觉的动词可以是连系动词，如feel, touch, sound, smell. I can smell the sea.
The customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases. I feel a pain in the arm.
She looked worried about it. 3、动词与介词的固定搭配
动词与介词的搭配主要指下列两种形式： （1）动词+宾语+介词
The song always reminds me of my school days. Parents usually expect a lot of their children. I often take her for her sister. He hide everything from me. The headmaster praised the boy for his courage. They supplied people with enough food and drink. They presented us with a lot of flowers. The man was charged with mueder. （2）动词+反身代词+介词
dress oneself in; prepare oneself for give oneself to pride oneself on He gives himself to pop music. She always dresses herself in white.
第十二课时 动 词（二）
一、动词的形式
大多数动词有四种基本形式：
1、现在式；2、过去式；3、过去分词；4、现在分词；
现在式是字典中所给的形式，也可称为动词原形。按照动词各种形式的构成方法，动词可分为规则动词和不规则动词两类。
1、第三人称单数形式；加-s的规则
动词一般现在时单数第三人称形式的构成和名词复数的构成法及读音完全一样。
情 况 一般情况 以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的名词 变化形式 加-s 加-es 例词 helps makes gets guesses fixes goes washes flies cries tries studies 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词 变y为i, 加es
2、动词的过去式和过去分词：构成动词-ed形式的规则。 （1）规则变化的过去式和过去分词的构成是一样的。都加-ed。
构成规则 一般在动词原形末尾加ed 结尾是e的动词加d 动词原形 look play live hope 变化后 looked played lived hoped studied carried 以辅音字母加y的动词，改ystudy carry 为i加ed 重读闭音节的，又写最后一个stop drop fit 辅音字母，再加ed stopped dropped fitted （2）不规则动词的过去式及过去分词的形式是不规则的，可以查不规则动词变化形式表。
① 有些动词的三种形式一样。如： bet ; cut; read;
burst; hit;
shut;
cast; hurt; spread
blow, blew, blown eat, ate, eaten cost; let;
② 下面是一些易误用的不规则动词 bear, bore, born
bite, bit, bitten
draw, drew, drawn
drink, drank, drunk
fly, flew, flown hide, hid, hidden ride, rode, ridden wear, wore, worn
lend, lent, lent rise, rose, risen
mean, meant, meant shake, shook, shaken throw, threw, thrown
swim, swam, swum tear, tore, torn
3、英语动词的现在分词，一般在动词末尾加-ing。 规 则 一般情况 加ing 变化形式 例 词 going asking writing closing getting beginning dying lying tying 以不发音的e结尾的 去e,再加ing 以重读闭音节结尾的 双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ing 以ie结尾的 先将ie变为y，再加ing
第十三课时 动 词（三）
教学重点
一、助动词
助动词本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式，或用来加强语气。常用的助动词有:be, do, have, shall, will等。它们的具体用法如下：
（1）助动词be A. 可用于构成进行时态 She is doing her homework now.
I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon. B. 可用于构成被动语态
The baby was put in bed by his mother. The invitation was received yesterday. C. 可与动词不定式构成谓语
These books are not to be taken out of the room. She is to arrive at six this morning. （2）助动词have