第三周：课堂练习
Father's Toe
Clarence Day
课堂上限时70分钟翻译，不可以用字典，当堂交卷。
1. One winter morning when Father left the Riding Club on horseback and rode through East Fifty-eighth Street, his horse fell with him. Not only did the stupid animal fall but he landed on Father's foot.
2. Father pulled his foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the Park for his ride. But he found later that one of his toes had been bent and that he couldn't straighten it out.
3. This was not only an inconvenience to Father, it was a surprise. He knew other men got smashed up in accidents, but he had assumed that that was because they were brittle. He wasn't. He was constructed in such a manner, he had supposed, that he couldn't be damaged. He still believed that this was the case. Yet one of his toes had got bent.
4. That toe never did straighten out and Father talked of it often. He felt that he had had a strange experience, one that was against Nature's laws, and he expected those who listened to his story to be deeply concerned and impressed. If they weren't, he repeated it.
5. We heard it at home hundreds of times, one year after another. ―That's enough about your toe,‖ Mother would cry. ―Nobody cares about your toe, you know, Clare!‖ 6. But Father said that of course people did. He told all his friends at the club. ―You know what happened to me? Why, one morning when the pavement was icy, that bay cob that Sam Babcock sold me fell on my toe -- and he bent it! Never had such a thing happened to me all my life. Bent my toe! It's getting a corn on it now. Here. On top. My shoemaker says he can't fix it. There's nobody as stupid as a shoemaker, except that bay cob.‖
7. From this time on, although he still was contemptuous of diseases, Father began to dislike to hear any accounts of other men's accidents. They seemed to him portents of what might happen, even to him.
(351 words)
(Clarence Day, Life with Father. 1935. 选自吕叔湘，1992: 430-432)
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1. 课堂讨论：将全班分为四个小组，指定一名组长，组织大家讨论10分钟，并代表本组将讨论的结果向全班汇报，每组汇报的时间为5分钟（presentation），发言记入平时成绩。
1) 总结翻译的流程。
2) 文中哪些地方不好理解？译者如何应对，为什么？
3) 在本文的翻译中，有没有不好表达的地方？请举例说明。 4) 总结翻译本文时可以用到的技巧和方法。
2. 收作业：Henry David Thoreau
3. 课后作业：
1) 写100字左右的翻译日志（translog）记录翻译的心得、苦恼或问题，准
备在以后阶段和同学讨论。教师随时抽查、点评，成绩记入平时成绩。 2) 指定一名学生查找Henry David Thoreau相关资料：思想、著作、观点等
等，下周准备向全班汇报5分钟，成绩记入平时成绩。 3) 阅读下面的材料：
注意英汉人称代词第三人称单数形式衔接功能的差异
在人称代词第三人称单数形式衔接功能方面，英汉两种语言间的差异性值得关注。尽管现代汉语中人称代词第三人称的三分是代词形式欧化的结果（王力，1984:269），但现代汉语中人称代词―他（们）、她（们）、它（们）‖同音，这至少在口语中降低了它们之间区分的明晰程度。可能是出于这一原因，尽管汉语第三人称单复数形式要比英语多（英语只有一个复数形式they），在性（gender）或数（number）上的区分也更细，但使用频率却远远低于英语，而更多地采用省略和原词复现等形式。英语中许多必须使用代词的地方在汉语中则不是必须的，有时甚至是尽量避免使用。
在英语里，第三人称常常用来回指前面提到的事情和人物，从而避免模糊和混乱出现。而在以汉语为母语的创作中第三人称出现的频率要低得多。前面的人物和事情一经提到，后面表示指代的往往是通过省略主语，零词指代，反身代词指代，重复名词等方式来实现。
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第四周：课堂讲评与讨论
Henry David Thoreau
课后翻译。
学生汇报Henry David Thoreau相关资料：思想、著作、观点等等。（5?）
1. Henry David Thoreau was the last male descendant of a French ancestor who came to this country from the Isle of Guernsey. His character exhibited occasional traits drawn from this blood, in singular combination with a very strong Saxon genius. 2. He was born in Concord, Massachusetts, on the 12th of July, 1817. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1837, but without any literary distinction. An iconoclast in literature, he seldom thanked colleges for their service to him, holding them in small esteem, whilst yet his debt to them was important. After leaving the University, he joined his brother in teaching a private school, which he soon renounced. His father was a manufacturer of lead-pencils, and Henry applied himself for a time to this craft, believing he could make a better pencil than was then in use. After completing his experiments, he exhibited his work to chemists and artists in Boston, and having obtained their certificates to its excellence and to its equality with the best London manufacture, he returned home contented. His friends congratulated him that he had now opened his way to fortune. But he replied that he should never make another pencil. ―Why should I? I would not do again what I have done once.‖ He resumed his endless walks and miscellaneous studies, making every day some new acquaintance with Nature, though as yet never speaking of zoology or botany, since, though very studious of natural facts, he was incurious of technical and textual science. 3. He was a speaker and actor of the truth, born such, and was ever running into dramatic situations from this cause. In any circumstance it interested all bystanders to know what part Henry would take, and what he would say; and he did not disappoint expectation, but used an original judgment on each emergency. In 1845 he built himself a small frame house on the shores of Walden Pond, and lived there two years alone, a life of labor and study. This action was quite native and fit for him. No one who knew him would tax him with affectation. He was more unlike his neighbors in his thought than in his action. As soon as he had exhausted the advantages of that solitude, he abandoned it.
(377 words)
1．讨论：
? 本文短短三段，一共有多少个―he‖?在译文中也悉数保留吗？原因是什么？
代词的使用在英汉两种语言中有何差别？请查找相关的参考书，如《英汉语篇综合对比》，《语言对比与研究与对外汉语教学》，《汉英应用对比概论》，《汉英篇章对比研究》等著作。
? 本文第一句话为一个长句，应如何处理？如何理顺句子结构的关系，让意思
明确？
? tax sb. with affectation是什么意思？
2．课后作业：
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1）先自己翻译下面的作家介绍，然后可以比较一下原文和译文中第三人称单数的差异，看看哪些是可以避免使用的。
作家简介
取自中国外语教育基地语料库
Ai Wu (1904 -1992), originally named Tang Daogeng, was from Xindu, Sichuan. In his early life, he spent times in Kunming of China, Myanmar, Malaysia and Singapore, working as a newspaper proofreader and a primary school teacher. He was a member of the League of Leftist Writers. He wrote about customs, habits and ways of life in border and remote regions and portrayed people pushed out of the normal rails of life. He was good at combining emotion expression, story telling and portrayal of men. He was praised by readers for his uniquely original method, fresh content and beautiful style. His writings demonstrated an unrelenting strength of life through the portrayal of uninhabited romantic atmosphere. Mrs. Shi Oing is a representative short story of his.
The number of the third-person reference: 5
Bing Xin (1900 -1999), originally known as Xie Wanying, was from a naval officer's family in Changle, Fujian. During the May 4th Movement, she took an active part in patriotic activities and began literary creation. She was a member of the Literature Society. After graduation from university, she went to study in the United States. She later taught in Girls College of Humanities of Tsinghua University and Yenching University. Her writings ranged from poems, proses to short stories. The Separation is one of her representative works. Bing Xin developed a unique literary style of her own. Her works displayed an intimate and sincere passion, used refreshing and delicate expressions and were euphemistic and original. Her language was smooth and precise.
The number of the third-person reference: 4
参考译文：
艾 芜（1904——1992）四川新都人。原名汤道耕。早年曾在昆明及缅甸、马来西亚、新加坡等地流浪，做过报馆校对、小学教员等。是―左联‖成员。艾芜写边野地方的风情，描绘那些被生活挤出正常轨道的人们，善于将抒情、叙事、写人结合起来。以表现手法别致，内容的新鲜和风格的优美，为人们所赞赏。他的小说在粗犷的浪漫主义氛围中，呈现出不屈的生命力量。《石青嫂子》是其短篇小说的代表作之一。
第三人称照应数：0
冰 心（1900-1999）福建长乐人。原名谢婉莹。出生于海军军官家庭。―五四‖运动时期，曾参加过爱国运动，并开始文学创作。是文学研究会成员。大学毕业后赴美留学。曾在燕京大学、清华大学女子文理学院任教。冰心的作品主要有诗歌、散文和短篇小说等。《分》是她的代表作之一。在艺术上，冰心有自己独特的风格，她的作品感情真挚亲切，文笔清新隽丽，委婉别致，语言流利晓畅，简洁凝练。 第三人称照应数：0
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3．布置课后翻译: Low Bow Village，下周交。指定一名学生查找有关本文相关的内容，准备下一节课向全班汇报（5?），成绩记入平时成绩。
4．课后练习：增词和减词 （一）重复名词
1．重复英语中作宾语的名词
（1）We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.
（2）I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.
2．重复英语中作表语的名词
（3）He became an oil baron---all by himself.
3．重复英语前置词短语前所省略的名词
英语中常重复使用前置词，而将第二个，第三个前置词前的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把此名词重复。
（4）The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of one hundred ordinary patients.
4．重复英语中作先行词的名词
英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。英语中的同位语，在译文中有时也可以重复先行词。 （5）The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left.
（6）The President announced, with obvious relish, that the planes took off from \
（二）重复动词
1．英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中往往要重复这个动词。
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