（7）Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement.
2．英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词一代替英语中重复的前置词。若英语中连前置词也省略了，但译文中仍可以重复动词。
（8）We talked of ourselves, of our studies, of our prospects, of each other--of everything.
(9) But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
（三）重复代词
1． 英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉语的习惯重复其所替代的名词。 （10）In China, they \them, thus planned victory.
2．英语中用物主代词its, his, their, 等等以代替句中作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语）时， 翻译时往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语），以达到明确具体的目的。
（11）Happy families also had their own troubles.
3．英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词如whoever, whenever, wherever等等，翻译时往往使用重复法处理。
（12）Whoever works hard will be respected.
4．英语用some…and others…(some…, others…)连用的句子，译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的\的\字结构，有时也可以用\有的……，有的……\句式。 (13) Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.
（四）其它英语原文没有重复，汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复的手段。
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(14) He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.
二． 为了强调
（一）英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的词的重复。
(15)Dead is the monarch, dead the servant who cringed before him, dead the city in which they dwelt.
(16)Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
（二）英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复之。
(17)During their stay in Peking, they visited some old friends of theirs, visited Peking University and visited the Great Wall.
三． 为了生动
（一）运用两个四字词组
(18)The questions were evidently unexpected to the slow-witted spokesman, who instantly found himself tongue-tied.
（二）运用词的重叠
(19)They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.
(20)Once he took up his pen, writings began pouring down.
（三）运用四字对偶词组 (21) great contributions gratitude grotesque careless rumors
(22)Whatever initial worries we had about the plane soon vanished.
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单 元 二
翻译技巧针对性练习
<二>
加注与释义的练习
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第五周：课堂讲评与讨论
Long Bow Village
(Excerpts)
William Hinton
任务1：课后翻译，可以用字典，准备全班课堂讨论
任务2：请一名同学查找这个村庄的相关信息，向全班汇报，尤其是其地理位置。（5?）
1. Long Bow Village lies in the southeast quarter of Shanxi Province on the high plateau country that butts against the back of the Taihang Mountains. It is 400 miles southwest of Peking and 100 miles from the gap in the mountains directly to the south, through which the Yellow River flows out onto the North China plain.
2. The South Shanxi plateau, known as the Shangtang (associated with heaven) because of its elevation, is itself creased with barren mountains, but between the ranges are wide valleys containing considerable areas of fertile soil. In the heart of one of these valleys lies the old county town of Changchih. The road running north from Changchih proceeds on the level for seven miles, through and past numerous mud villages, and then climbs gently over a long hill. Just beyond the hill, where the land levels out again, is the village of Long Bow.
3. For hundreds of years, any tired traveler who paused to rest at the crest of the hill and looked out over the flat to the north saw substantially the same sight -- a complex of adobe walls under a canopy of trees set in the middle of a large expanse of fields. These fields were barren, brown and desolate in winter, while in summer they were green, yellow and clothed with diverse crops.
4. If the traveler, rested at last, walked on down the hill, he found that the village street was but the continuation of the long gully that had brought him from the heights. During the heavy July rains the run-off from all the higher ground to the south rushed down the gully, poured along the village street and emptied into the village pond, a large natural basin conveniently located at the center of the community. In this way the supply of soft water for washing clothes was periodically replenished, and in the shade of the willows by the water's edge a few women and girls could always be found scrubbing away on the flat rocks that served as washboards.
5. Both sides of this gully-like main street were lined with mud walls six to eight feet high, broken here and there by covered gateways that led into the courtyards of the people. Beside each gate was the family privy, hopefully placed at the edge of the public road in anticipation of a contribution to the domestic store of fertilizer from any traveler who might be in need of relief.
6. Running off at right angles from the main road were several smaller lanes, also lined with walls set at intervals with courtyard gates. From these lanes, still smaller alleys ran off in turn to other entrances so that the whole village was rather like a maze, regular in outline, yet haphazardly filled in with lanes, alleys, walls enclosing courtyards, and low mud houses built against these walls.
(William Hinton, Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village. New York: Vintage Books, 1966. Pp. 17-19. (481 words) 任务3：两人一组，交换作业。
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首先进行全班讨论：
1） 本文翻译的难点？ 2） 本文翻译的要求？
3） 本文翻译的技巧？有哪些地方应该加注？释义？为什么？ 4） 评改作业的标准？翻译的质量如何评介?
其次互相评改作业，可以参考以下评改标准（参考教育部翻译资格证书考试初级笔译评分标准，有改动）。互相写100字左右的评语，最后将成绩汇报给教师。
? 优秀90+：没有理解错误，表达忠实原文，行文通顺流畅，没有太多
的翻译腔，知识面广，译语功底比较突出，很少有错别字。
? 良好84-89分：理解错误不超过两处，表达比较通顺流畅，可以有两
三处小错误。
? 中等75-83分：理解比较准确，表达有一些不太流畅通顺的地方，但
对整体行文没有太大影响。 ? 及格/通过60-74分：理解有一些错误，表达不流畅通顺，翻译腔严重，
不像中文的表述形式。 ? 不及格/不通过59分以下：没有做完，或有重大理解错误和表达错误，
翻译质量低。
布置作业：课后翻译My New Pet下周交。
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