哈尔滨商业大学德强商务学院毕业论文（设计）
engaged in extractive activities.
Based on the work activity of their populations, however, many of the so-called advanced industrial nations would be better described as service economies. Several observations can be made: global economic development is progressing in unanticipated directions, successful industrial economies are built on a strong service sector, and just as it has in manufacturing, competition in services will become global. In fact, many of the largest commercial banks in the world at present are owned by the Japanese. Trade in services remains a challenge, however, because many countries erect barriers to protect domestic firms. For example, India and Mexico, among others, prohibit the sale of insurance by foreign companies.
The service sector now accounts for more than three-fourths of total employment in the United States, which continues a trend that began more than one century ago. Therefore, based on employment figures, the United States can on longer be characterized as an industrial society; instead, it is a postindustrial, or service, society. 2. Nature of the service sector
For many people, service is synonymous with servitude and brings to mind workers flipping hamburgers and waiting on tables. However, the service sector that has grown significantly over the past 30 years cannot be accurately described as composed only of low-wage or low-skill jobs in department stores and fast-food restaurants. Instead, the fastest-growing jobs within the service sector are in finance, insurance, real estate, miscellaneous services (e.g., health, education, professional services), and retail trade. Note that job areas whose growth rates were less than the rate of increase in total jobs (i.e., less than 31.8 percent) lost market share, even though they showed gains in their absolute numbers. The exceptions are in mining and manufacturing, which lost in absolute numbers and thus showed negative growth rates. This trend should accelerate with the end of the cold war and the subsequent downsizing of the military and defense industry.
Changes in the pattern of employment will have implications on where and how people live, on educational requirements, and, consequently, on the kinds of organizations that will be important to that society. Industrialization created the need for the semiskilled worker who could be trained in a few weeks to perform the routine machine-tending tasks. The subsequent growth in the service sector has caused a shift to white-collar occupations. In the United States, the year 1956 was a turning point. For the first time in the history of industrial society, the number of white-collar workers exceeded the number of blue-collar workers, and the gap has been widening since then. The most interesting growth has been in the managerial and professional-technical fields, which are jobs that require a college education.
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哈尔滨商业大学德强商务学院毕业论文（设计）
Today, service industries are the source of economic leadership. During the past 30 years, more than 44 million new jobs have been created in the service sector to absorb the influx of women into the workforce and to provide an alternative to the lack of job opportunities in manufacturing. The service industries now account for approximately 70 percent of the national income in the United States. Given that there is a limit to how many cars a consumer can use and how much one can eat and drink, this should not be surprising. The appetite for services, however, especially innovative ones, is insatiable. Among the services presently in demand are those that reflect an aging population, such as geriatric health care, and others that reflect a two-income family, such as day care.
The growth of the service sector has produced a less cyclic national economy. During the past four recessions in the United States, employment by service industries has actually increased, while jobs in manufacturing have been lost. This suggests that consumers are willing to postpone the purchase of products but will not sacrifice essential services like education, telephone, banking, health care, and public services such as fire and police protection.
Service reasons can explain the recession-resistant nature of services. First, by their nature, services cannot be inventoried, as is the case for products. Because consumption and production occur simultaneously for services, the demand for them is more stable than for manufactured goods. When the economy falters, many services continue to survive. Hospitals keep busy as usual, and, while commissions may drop in real estate, insurance, and security businesses, employees need not be laid off.
Second, during a recession, both consumers and business firms defer capital expenditures and instead fix up and make do with existing equipment. Thus, service jobs in maintenance and repair are crested.
We have discovered that the modern industrial economies are dominated by employment in the service sector. Just as farming jobs migrated to manufacturing in the nineteenth century under the driving force of labor-saving technology, manufacturing jobs in due time migrated to services. We'll conclude our discussion of the role of services in our new society and prepare us for developing new managerial skills by arguing that the distinctive characteristics of services require an approach to management significantly different from that found in manufacturing.
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哈尔滨商业大学德强商务学院毕业论文（设计）
附 录2
服务在经济中的作用
1.经济演进
20世纪初期，美国的每十个工人中只有三人在服务部门受雇，其余的工人活跃在农业和工业部门。到1950年，服务部门的就业人数达到了劳动大军的一半。今天，服务部门的就业人员占到了工作人数的80%。在过去的90年里，我们亲眼目睹了我们的社会从主要以加工业为基础变为主要以服务业为基础的一场大演进。
研究经济发展的经济学家不会为这些事件感到惊讶。考林克拉克认为当国家工业化时，不可避免地有一个就业的转变，从一个经济部门转到另一个。当一个部门的生产力提高时，劳动力便转到另一个部门。这个被称为克拉克—菲舍假说的观察结论，引出了一种依据主要的劳动力的活动而进行的经济分类。
经济活动阶段 第一产业（资源耗取） 农业 采矿业 渔业 林业 第四产业（贸易和商业服务） 交通 零售 通信 金融和保险 房地产 第二产业（商品生产） 制造业 加工业 第三产业（家务服务） 餐馆和旅店 理发和美容 洗衣和干洗 保养和修理 上面的表格描述了经济活动的五个阶段。很多经济学家，包括克拉克在内，将他们的分析限制在仅仅三个阶段，其中第三阶段只是服务。我们采纳了一些科学家的建议，把服务阶段再分为三类。今天，压倒性多数的国家仍然处于发展中的第一阶段。这些经济以从土地上获取自然资源为基础。它们的生产力低下，而且经济受制于像糖和铜这样的商品的价格的波动。在非洲的大部分和亚洲的一部分，70%以上的劳动力从事从土地上获取的活动。
第五产业（改善和扩大人的能力） 健康 教育 研究 消遣和娱乐 艺术 政府 28
哈尔滨商业大学德强商务学院毕业论文（设计）
然而，以人们的生产活动为基础，许多所谓先进的工业化的国家被描述为服务经济或许更合适。我们可以得到这样的观察结果：全球经济的发展正走向没有料想到的方向，成功的工业经济是建立在强大的服务部门之上，而且正如在生产加工业中一样，服务业中的竞争将是全球性的。事实上，世界上很多最大的商业银行目前被日本人拥有。然而，服务贸易仍是一个挑战，因为很多国家设立了屏障来保护国内公司。例如，一些例子中的印度和墨西哥，禁止销售外国公司的保险。
服务部门现在占有美国总就业人数的3/4以上，这一趋势已延续了100多年。因此，以就业数字为基础，美国的特征不再是一个工业社会，而是一个后工业的，或服务的社会。
2.服务部门的性质
对许多人来说，服务是劳役的同义词，而且它使人想起飞快摆弄汉堡包和静候餐桌旁的工人。然而，经过过去30年重大发展的服务部门不能被严格地描绘成仅仅由百货商场和快餐店的低工资和低技术工作所构成。相反，服务部门中快速增长的工作岗位是在金融、保险、房地产、混杂服务（例如保健、教育、职业服务等）和零售之中。注意那些增长率低于总的工作增长率（少于31.8%）的工作领域，它们丢失了市场份额，尽管它们显示增长了它们的绝对数量。采矿领域和加工领域是例外，它们的绝对数字减少了，因此显示了负的增长率。这种趋势是随着冷战的结束和随后的军事与国防工业的缩减而加速的。
就业格局的变化将给很多方面带来影响，包括人们在哪里和怎样生活，人们的教育需求，以及随之而来的对那些对于社会将是很重要的组织。工业化创造了对半技术工人的需要，他们可以在几个星期之内被训练来做日常的看机器的工作。后来的服务部门的增长引起了向白领工作的转变。在美国1956年时一个转折点。在工业社会的历史上，白领工人的数量首次超过了蓝领工人的数量。自从那以后这个差距一直在扩大。最有意思的增长一直在管理和职业技术领域，那些只有受过大学教育的人才能从事。
今天，服务业是经济领导力的源泉。在过去的30年里，超过4400万的新工作由服务部门创造出来，吸收蜂拥而至的妇女到劳动大军中，而且为制造业中工作机会的短缺提供了另外的选择。服务业现在大约占美国国民收入的70%，假如一个消费者可以使用的车的数量有限，一个人吃喝的消费量有限，这个数字并不惊人。然而人们对服务，特别是对创新服务的欲望是不知足的。当前需求的服务包括体现老龄人口的服务，比如老人健康护理，和体现双收入家庭的服务，比如白天照料。
服务部门的增长造成了一种周期性不明显的国民经济。在美国的最近四次经济衰退中，服务业中的就业实际是增长了，而制造业的工作岗位却减少了。这说明消费者愿意推迟产品的购买，却不会牺牲基本服务，像教育、电话、银行、保健和防火与警察保护等公共服务。
有几个原因可以解释服务抗衰退的性质。首先，由于自身的性质决定服务是不能像
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哈尔滨商业大学德强商务学院毕业论文（设计）
产品那样储存的。因为服务的消费与生产同时发生，对服务的需求比对加工产品的需求更稳定。当经济摇摆时，很多服务继续生存。医院像通常一样仍然很忙，而且房地产、保险和治安等行业的酬金可能会下降，但是雇员不必下岗。
其次，在衰退中，消费者和企业都推迟资金的支出，代替的是修理和凑合使用现有的设备。因此产生了保养和修理方面的服务工作。
我们已经发现现代工业经济被服务部门的就业所支配。正像由于节约劳动力的技术力量的驱动，农业工作在19世纪转移到了加工业一样，加工业的工作在恰当的时间转移到了服务业。我们将就我们关于在新型社会下服务业的作用的讨论进行总结，并且，基于服务业有其自身独特性这一认识，发展出一套全新的与加工制造业所采用的完全不同的管理技巧和方法。
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