The roads, gardens, and playing grounds were all hidden under soft snow. 2）数词
There are two boys in the room.
It was the first snow we had ever seen and we were excited. 3）代词或名词所有格
He took my umbrella by mistake. Alice’s hair is long and beautiful. 4）介词短语
People in China are making great effort to make China richer, stronger and more beautiful. 5）名词
We were having so mush fun when supper time came. 6）副词
The best teacher here is Lee. 7）不定式
He has nothing to do while all his classmates are rushed off their feet. 8）分词（短语）
Films directed by Bruce are popular among us. I hear there are five copies left. 9）从句
The boy who is reading needs the dictionary which you bought yesterday. Together we built a snowman and a snow house, which excited everyone. 7．状语
状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句。说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。状语可以由以下这些成分表示： 1）副词（短语） You’re quite right.
Mother almost had to force us to go in and eat. 2）介词短语
On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 3）分词（短语）
He often sits in the corner, lost in thought.
Please fill in the card, giving all the information required. 4）不定式
We ran over to join them.
To make his dream come true, my cousin becomes very interested in business. 5）名词
Come this way! 6）形容词
He went home, disappointed. 7）从句
When we went out, the snow had almost stopped. (时间状语从句) Where there is a will, there is a way. (地点状语从句)
He was very angry because we were all late. (原因状语从句) We arrived early, so that we got good seats. (结果状语从句)
I have given him a key so that he can get into the house whenever he likes. (目的状语从句) She can’t cook like her mother does. (比较状语从句) Though we are poor, we are happy. (让步状语从句)
If we dressed ourselves warmly, mother would allow us to go out. (条件状语从句)
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8．同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。同位语可以由以下这些成分表示： 1）名词：
We students should study hard.
This is Mr. Johnson, director of the health centre. 2）代词：
We each got a present from Father Christmas. 3）数词：
You may leave it to us two. 4）形容词(词组)
People there, old and young, are fond of sports. 5）副词(词组)
I want very much to see these films, especially the one you mentioned. 6）从句
There was little hope that they would survive.
The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 作业
将下列句子翻译成汉语并分析句子成分。
1 Time flies fast.
2 I am in a hurry to find a job. 3 Can you get him to help me ? 4 We called Xiao Liu our scientist.
5 The people all over the world are hoping for peace. 6 A lot of noise is going on outside.
7 How long have you worked in the hospital.? 8 The skirt is a bit too long for me. 情境活用 说出各划线部分在句中的成分
Martin is (1) a man of many experiences. He (2) never stays at one job for more than six months. He (3) is not actually lazy or unfit and his employers can not be said to be unreasonable. He is only, according to one of his former employers, too eager for the work (4）that his employer hasn’t the intention (打算) to let him do. One fact about Martin is (5) that he never waits long to find a new job.
Last month, he was fired again. Mr. King, (6) the owner of a small shop, hired (7) him to paint his new house. He readily accepted the job without a word. (8)When later Mr. King went to see how things were going on there, he couldn’t find Martin. Instead, he saw four workmen (9) carefully painting the wall. “What’s the matter?” he asked. “I’ve hired them at 8 dollars for each man,” Martin told him happily. “But I (10) will pay only 30 dollars for the whole work. I only
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need to pay another (11）two dollars and then can enjoy (12) the happy feeling of being a boss. Isn’t it worth the money?”
第4课 重视基础 赢得未来
——句子种类
感悟篇
阅读下列短文，找出不同的句子类型
Do you find yourself tired all the time although you get enough sleep? Then maybe this is for you. When you are feeling weak and tired, the worst thing to do is to take a nap (打盹). It won’t get back your energy. On the contrary, what happens then is that your body loses even more energy than it had before, making you even more lethargic (有气无力的).
You may also have these poor habits that worsen the problems. Do you stay in the same small area without getting up to move around? Does your job require you to sit down the whole day in front of a computer? Any of these reasons might be the cause of
your energy loss.
What should you do when you feel so tired even though you have gotten enough sleep? A cup of coffee won’t help much either, as it is easy to get addicted to (上瘾) the caffeine. “What a bad habit it is to have a cup of coffee when you are sleepy!” “Take a walk. Never get used to coffee.” Doctors advise the activity because it will increase heart rate (速度). This increased heart rate will lead to several hours of excitement. Moreover, regular exercise can make your fatigue (疲劳) problems disappear forever. 否定陈述句
_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 一般疑问句
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________特殊疑问句
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________祈使句
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________感叹句
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______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 指导篇
句子的种类可以按结构和使用目的进行分类。 一、按其结构，句子可以分为以下三类 1．简单句
只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句。 She is fond of collecting stamps.
常见简单句的五种基本句型 1）主谓
The bird disappeared. 2）主谓宾
We love our English teacher. 3）主系表
My dad is an engineer.
4）主谓双宾（间接宾语 + 直接宾语） My mum bought me a big cake. 5）主谓宾宾补
We’re trying to make our school more beautiful. 2．并列句
包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号连接。 The food was good, but he had little appetite. 3．复合句
包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。 The film had begun when we got to the cinema.
二、按使用目的，句子的种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1. 陈述句
说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。有肯定句和否定句两种。 1）肯定句 不含否定词的句子。 Mr. Walker is an Englishman. 2）否定句 含否定词的句子。
He is not an American. 他不是美国人。
否定句的表达方式基本上有下面的两种。 （1）使用副词否定词“not” ? be，have为主要动词 I am not a good swimmer. I have not much money. ? be，have为助动词
You aren't going to go to her birthday party, are you? He hasn't yet paid the money. be + V-ing（进行时），be + P.P.（过去分词）（被动语态），have（has，had）+ P.P.（完成时）等的“be，have（has，had）”皆为助动词。 ? “助动词 + V”时
动词带有助动词“will，shall，can，may，must，need，dare，ought to，used to，had better”
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等时，将“not”置于助动词与主要动词之间。如： I will not/won't do it again.
The old man cannot find his way home. I couldn't sleep last night.
You ought not to swim in the river. You had better not tell her everything.
注：“can”的否定形式是“cannot or can't”。 ? 使用助动词“do”的否定句
一般动词的否定句通常使用助动词“do”，句式如下： 句型 do（does, did）+ not + V（动词原形） I don't know her very well.
Usually I don't have breakfast on Sunday morning. We didn't have a good time there yesterday. （2）使用“not”以外的否定词 “not”以外的否定词有：
? 副词：never，seldom，hardly，little，neither，barely等 She never comes to school late. She seldom comes to see me.
? 形容词：no，few，little等.
I have no brothers.（=I don't have brothers.） He has few friends in Hong Kong.
? 代词：nothing，nobody，none等 I know nothing about computer.
? 否定也可以借用前缀或后缀来表达 He is dishonest.（=He is not honest.） 2. 疑问句
提出问题。有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种。 1） 一般疑问句
以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始，通常要求以yes或no回答。 Can you finish the work in time?
一般疑问句有时可用否定形式，称为否定问句。 Don’t you want to go with us? Yes, I do. 2）特殊疑问句
以一个疑问代词/副词开始，语序同一般疑问句，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰，用陈述语气。 Where do you live? How do you know that?
Why don’t you take No.7 bus? Who was absent for the meeting? 3）选择疑问句
句子结构与一般疑问句相同，用or连接供选择的两部分。 —Do you want tea or coffee? —Either will do. 4）反意疑问句
由两部分组成，前一部分为陈述句的形式，后一部分为简短的问句，前一部分用肯定，后一部分否定；前一部分否定，后一部分肯定。
—You have already got our invitation, haven’t you? —Yes, we have.
—They didn’t raise many questions at the press conference, did they? —Yes, they did.
? 陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never, seldom, no, nobody, rarely, few, hardly,
little等时，反问部分须用肯定形式如： He seldom comes, does he?
Some plants never blow, do they?
? 陈述部分包括used to 时，反问部分可有两种形式
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