短 长 [i] i：] [ai] [t] [d] [?] [?] [?：] [?] [?：] [?u] [f] [v] [r] [u] [?] [e] [?] [u?] [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz] [h] [m] 元音可分为单元音,双元音两大类,共计20个. 辅音28个,按其发音方法分有: (1) 爆破音: [p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[ɡ] (2) 鼻音: [m],[n],[?] (3) 摩擦音: [f ],[v],[θ],[e],[s],[z],[?],[?],[r],[h] (4) 破擦音: [?],[?],[?],[?],[tr],[dr]
(5) 半元音: [w],[j] (6) 旁流音: [l]
音节: 一般来讲有一个元音就是一个音节。含一个元音的词叫作单音节词，含两个或两个以上元音的单词叫作双音节或多音节词。单音节词都是重读音节，双音节和多音节词中一般有一个重读音节，其他的是弱读音节。
(1) 开音节：开音节又分为绝对开音节和相对开音节。由一个元音字母结尾的音节为绝对开
音节。
例如：no，I，me，my，be等。
以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母(r除外)再加一个不发音的字母e结尾的音节为相对开音节。 例如：name，late，grade，game，rose等。开音节中的元音字母一般都发字母表中的音。 (2)闭音节：闭音节是以一个元音字母加一个或几个辅音字母结尾的音节。例如：not，thank，ten，am，six等。重读闭音节就
是所谓的元音字母不是发它本身的字母音. 常见的辅音字母组合的发音规则:
1. ch发/?/: chair, cheap, chess, chicken, children,特例:machine(机器) /?/;
也可发/k/: school, Chorus (注:在school一词中,ch的发音在字母s后边要由清辅音转变成相应的浊辅音)
2. tch也发/?/: catch (接住,抓住), match (比赛), watch
3. gh在词尾可发/f/: laugh(大笑), cough(咳嗽), enough(足够的);
但在au, ai, ei和i的后面gh常常不发音: daughter, straight (直的), eight, high 4. ph常发/f/: phone, physics, elephant (大象) 5. sh总是发/?/: sharpener, she, shirt, shoes
6. th 在词首的i, o, r前常发/θ/: think, third, thirteen, thirtieth, three, 特例: this, those /e/,
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[u：] [a：] [au] [s] [z] [w] [i?] [θ] [e] [j] 双 清 [ei] [p] [b] [n] [?i] [k] [ɡ] [l] [??] [?] [?] [t?] [d?] thursday /θ/;
词尾的th常发/θ/:earth (地球), fifth, ninth, twelfth, 特例: with /e/; th在birth及其合成词中发/θ/: birth, birthday;
th在词首,且在a, e前发/e/: that, the, they, then,特例: thank /θ/; th在词中大多发//: father, other, mother, brother
7. wh在o前发/h/: who, whose(谁的);wh在a, e, i, y前发/w/:what, when, white, why 8. ck发/k/: backpack, black, chicken, clock, luck, jacket, ticket
9. kn发/n/: knee (膝盖), knife (小刀), know; kn发/n/,相当于k没有发音。 10. ng:词尾的ng发/?/: bring, morning, sing, thing, nothing, interesting, young; ng在词中常发/?ɡ/: angry, England, English, language 11. nk, nc发/k/: drink, thank, think, uncle 12. wr发/r/: write, wrong (错误的)
13. tw发/tw/: twelve, twelfth, twenty, twentieth, 特例: two /t/ 14. tr发/tr/: train, trip, trumpet, try, central
15. dr发/dr/: draw, drawer, dresser, drum, children
16. ts, tes, t's都发/ts/: cats, hats, its, students, gates, kites, it's, that's, what's, let's
17. ds, des发/dz/: beds, birds, goods, grades看得出来,以上的两组是以t, te, d, de结尾的名词的复数形式。
18. dge发/?/: bridge (桥), fridge (冰箱)
动 词：
动 词 的 定 义：
动词是表示动作或状态的词。 例如： work，工作 , study，学习，eat 吃。 动词的分类：动词有两种分类方法：
1） 限定动词（谓语动词）和非限定动词（非谓语动词）
限定动词在句中作谓语，有人称和数的变化。非限定动词有动词不定式，动名词和分词三种。在句中不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。 2）实义动词，连系动词，情态动词和助动词
实义动词有完整的词义，并能单独作谓语，实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。例如： study 学习, reach 到达, see 看见, rise 升起。 连系动词在句中作谓语动词，后面跟表语。连系动词有 be, seem, look, become, get, grow, feel, appear, remain, turn。
情态动词表示能力，义务，必要，猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。情态动词有 can, will, have, be, should, do, would, 等。
助动词只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态，语态和语气等动词形式。助动词有do, shall, will, have。 动词的基本形式
英语动词有四种基本形式：动词原形，过去式，过去分词和现在分词。这四种动词形式和助动词一起构成动词的时态，语态和语气。
动词的原形。就是词典中所给的形式。例如：be, have, buy, sit.
动词过去式和过去分词的构成有规则的和不规则的两种形式。规则动词的过去式和过去分词，由在原形动词的后面加词尾 -ed 构成。 例如: work - worked - worked
不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的形式是不规则的，须要一一记忆。
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例如: go - went - gone do - did - done
动词的现在分词由动词原形加 -ing 构成。构成方法如下： 1）一般情况在动词原形后加 -ing 。 例如: go---going stand---standing
2）以不发音的 e 结尾的动词，去掉 e ，再加 -ing. 动词是闭音节的单音节词，或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词，而末尾只有一辅音字母时，这个辅音字母须双写，然后再加 ing。
例如: arrive- arriving get- getting
3）少数几个以 -ie 结尾的动词，须将 ie 变成 y ，再加 ing.
例如： die--dying lie--lying。 三 练习
(一) 用所给动词的适当形式填空: 1 My aunt ___ (live) on a quiet street. 2 ____ you ____ (speak) English?
3 I often ____ (go) to the movies on weekends. 4 Bob and Tom ____ (like) tigers.
5 There _____ (be) a library in our school.
6 –What ____ he ____ (do)? - He is a doctor. 7 Peter ____ (be) always late for school. 8 The koala usually ____ (get) up at night. (二) 按要求改写句子
1 Daniel watches TV every evening. (改为否定句)
2 I do my homework every day. (改为一般疑问句，做否定回答) 3 She likes milk. (改为一般疑问句，做肯定回答) 4 Simon and Daniel like going skating. (改为否定句) 5 I go to the park on Sunday. (对划线部分提问) 6 John comes form Canada. (对划线部分提问)
7 She is always a good student (改为一般疑问句，做否定回答) 8 He often plays basketball after class. (对划线部分提问) 3.用所给动词的正确形式填空.
1) Why___ you___ (not go) to see your mother the day before yesterday? Because I _____ (have) no time.
2) The little boy_____(fall) off his bike and____(hurt)himself badly. 3) At last he ____ (take) out his money and ____(pay)for the dictionary.
4) Once there _____(be)an old tiger. He didn’t often ____(go) to look for food himself. Every day he _____(make) one of the smaller animals______(bring) him something _______(eat) 了这事。（但是你没做）
（三）写出下列动词的现在分词形式
1 make________ 2 think_________ 3 take______ 4 give_______ 5 look________ 6 run___________7 fly________ 8 get_________ 9 sing________10 swim_________11go________12 play________ 13watch_______14shop___________15talk______ （二）用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1 Mother _______ (make) lunch now.
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2 Listen! The teacher __________ (talk) with her students. 3 I _____________ (not listen) to music now
4 It’s 6:30 in the morning. Mr. Green ___________ (have) breakfast. 5 Look! She ___________ (read) a book. 用所给动词的适当形式填空：
1. I ________ (try) to fix a machine before you _______ (arrive).
2. When I _________ (go) downstairs, they _____ already ______ (eat) breakfast. 3. While you _____ (talk) to her, I _______ (read) a magazine. 4. It _________ (rain) hard, but nobody _____ (stop) working.
5. While I _______ (dictate口授) a letter to my secretary, my wife _____(ring).
6. I ____ (talk) to the librarian this morning, and he ___ (say) we _____ (have) to return the books before Saturday.
7. She _______ (attend) a meeting to discuss the raising of a sum (募捐一比钱) for building a small additional couple of rooms.
8. Alice ______ constantly ________ (complain) of the cold. 9. I __________ (wonder) if you ________ (can) help me.
10. In those days, whenever I ____ (meet) him, he ___ (work) in his office. 专题练习：用将来时正确形式填空：
1．I ______________ (be) twenty next year. 2. I ___________ (not get) married yet.
3. It _________________ (rain) .好像就要下雨了。(表示主观推测和预测) 4. It _________________ (rain) tonight. 今天夜晚有雨。（表示气象报告的客观性预测） 5. If I see him, I ___________ (give) him your message. （二）综合练习
1.--When will they leave? --They _______ (离开) very soon.
2. “The plane is on the point of taking off.” means “The plane ___________ (就要起飞)” 3. --Was he studying for an examination?
--Yes, he’s ________________________it next week. (他下周要考试) 4. I _______ (去) to Las Vegas before you ____________ (来) back next week. 5. --Are there going to be many people at your party today? --We hope that ________________ (会有很多人) 6. --Is this the last exam we have to take?
--Yes, but there __________another test three months from now. 7. If a man __________(要获成功)，he must work very hard. 8. I _______ (即将前往) Beijing.
9. Make sure all the windows _____ (关上) before you leave. 10. If it ________ (rain) tomorrow, he ________ (not come). 11. The train ____ (start) at ten o’clock in the morning.
12. If you __________ (follow) me, I’ll give you some advice. 13. I don’t know when / if he ________ (come).
14. If you _______ (play) football, you’d better wear your sports shoes.
15. There ________ a strong wind to the north of Huai River. 淮河以北有大风。 练习：
1 用所给提示的适当形式填空。
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How long _____ he ______ the computer? (买) My mother _______ me a computer last week. (买) He often ______ books from the library. (借)
How long can the students ________ the school library books? (借) ---When ________ he _________ to Yong’an? (来) ---Ten years ago.
---You mean he ______ in Yong’an for ten years. 2 改错
1. How long have you become a League member? For more than one year. 2. Have you arrived here since last night? Yes, you’re right. 3. The dog has died for a month. 4. He has gone to Shanghai twice.
5. How long have you been at this school? Since two years. 3 句型转换
4 He joined the League ten years ago. (改为同义句)
He _____ _______ a league member ______ ten years ago. He _____ ______ in the League ______ ten years. It ___ ten years since he _____ League.
2．I have had the watch for five years. (改为同义句) I _____ the watch five years ago.
3. They have been on the team since two years ago. (划线提问) _______ ______ have they been on the team? 4. The man came to China in 1998. (改为同义句) The man _____ _____ ______ China for six years. 5. The old man died ten years ago. (改为同义句)
The old man _______ _______ _________ since ten years ago. 四．选择填空
1. _______ have you lived in Beijing?
A. How soon B. How often C. How much D. How long 2. They have stayed here ____ last year.
A. for B. since C. from D. ever
3. They haven’t seen each other ______ a month ago. A. for B. when C. while D. since 4. Mary has ______ Shanghai for six months.
A. come to B. arrived at C. left D. stayed in 5. The boy has studied here since he ____ to his school. A. goes B. went C. gone D. going 6. Kate _____ here an hour ago. She ____ here for an hour.
A. arrived, arrive B. arrived, has been C. was, has arrived D. arrived, has arrived 7. He _____ to Wuhan in 1980 and _____ here for 18 years.
A. went; has been B. has been; has gone C. has gone; has been D. went, has gone 8. He says that he ____ the Great Wall twice.
A. has gone to B. has been to C. has been in D. had been to 9. He has _____ for two years. Two years _____ a long time.
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