C. will rain; haven’t started D. is going to rain; hadn’t come 46. She ____ to the office than she got down to writing the report
A. has no sooner got B. had hardly got C. no sooner got D. had no sooner got
47. Beijing Children’s Library ____ four branch libraries in different districts. They can receive more readers than before.
A. will set up B. has been set up C. has set up D. set up 48. — Can you attend the conference tomorrow, Bob?
— I think I can when my stomachache ____ completely.
A. will disappear B. is disappearing C. disappears D. will have disappeared 49. I don’t know what decision ____ at the conference, as Mike hasn’t reported to me yet. A. is made B. was made C. has made D. had made 50. — Do you smoke? — No, I don’t. It’s two years since I ____.
A. smoked B. have smoked C. has smoked D. don’t smoke
词类：
词类(parts of speech) 名词noun 动词verb 冠词article 形容词adjective 副词adverb 代词pronoun 介词preposition 数词numeral 连接词conjunction 感叹词interjection 缩写形式 n. v. art. adj. adv. pron. prep. num. conj. int. 例词 worker radio teach sing a(an) the clean happy hard clearly we his about from seven third and if oh aha Ⅰ名词
名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。
例如： desk 桌子 time 时间 life 生活 book 书本 room 房间 honesty 诚实
worker 工人 pencil铅笔 computer 计算机
2 名词和主谓一致 （一）名词的数
名词按其可数性分为可数名词（countable noun）和不可数名词（uncountable noun）。 1 不可数名词
不可数名词没有单复数之分，其谓语动词须用单数形式，包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：
wealth 财富 glass 玻璃honesty 诚实 information 消息 housework 家务homework 家庭作业 money 钱 advice 劝告→ a piece of advice; give sb. some advice equipment 设备 →some equipment
knowledge 知识 →注意：抽象名词如被形容词或冠词修饰变具体
A good knowledge of English is necessary.
progress 进步 →make great/much/little progress
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damage 损坏 →do damage to 对?有损害，有伤害
fun 乐趣 →have fun 玩得愉快 What fun!多么有趣！ luck 运气 →Good luck! Bad luck!
weather 天气 →What good/nice/bad weather!
furniture 家具 →a piece of furniture; a set of furniture trouble 烦恼 →have much trouble in doing sth.
不可数的物质名词表示个体时，须用单位名词（量词）来表示其数量概念。例如： a piece of advice /bread /cake /information a pait of glasses /shoes /socks a school of fish 一群鱼
three /fifty head of cattle / sheep /horses 2. 可数名词
可数名词复数的三种形式：1、可加s或es 2、不规则的复数形式 3、不变
1 可加s或es
（1）以 s x ch 结尾的名词后加es 。例如：
bus buses watch watches box boxes brush brushes 但是stomach stomach胃（注：stomach [k]） (2)以“辅音字母+o”结尾
-es hero, tomato, negro, potato -s radio, photo, piano
-es＆-s zero, volcano, mosquito
记忆方法提示：除了“黑人英雄爱吃马铃薯和西红柿“（negro, hero, potato,tomato），其余以一个o结尾的单词复数都加s （3）以 oo 结尾的词只加 s，例如： bamboo bamboos zoo-zoos
（4）“辅音+y”结尾的名词：y→ies factory factories
“元音+y”结尾的名词：y→ys boy boys (5）以 f结尾或 fe结尾的名词复数形式： s roof, belief, proof
es leaf, life, knife, shelf, half, thief, wife s&es handkerchief
记忆方法提示：加es 口诀：在生活中小偷的妻子把半把小刀和叶子放到架子上。 Life, thief, wife, half, knife, leaf, shelf 除了加 es ，其余都加s (6）复合名词：
s father(s)-in -law 岳父，公公 passer(s)-by 过路人 tooth-brush(es)牙刷
boy-friend(s)男朋友
同变 a man/woman singer men/women singers 4 不规则的复数形式：
child children儿童 ox oxen公牛 mouse mice老鼠/mouses鼠标 oo ee foot feet goose geese tooth teeth ium ia medium media媒件bacterium bacteria细菌 is es analysis analyses分析 basis bases基础
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5 某国人：
不变：ese或ss结尾 Chinese Japanese a Chinese two Chinese
German American a German two Germans man→men Englishman Frenchman
6 不变 deer sheep fish aircraft series species means (二)名词所有格
1、在名词后加“‘s”或以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格,在名词右上方加“ ‘ ” 。
例如：
my sister’s book the workers’ club my sister-in-law’s picture Jane’s and Tom’s fathers（不共有） Jane and Tom’s father（共有） at the doctor’s 在诊所 ten minutes’ walk
2、“of +名词”。例如：the gate of the school the window of the room a picture of my father’s我父亲收藏的一张照片 a picture of my father我父亲本人的一张照片
3、“名词（单数）+名词”（第一个名词大部分是对第二个名词进行分类或是对第二个名词的属性、来源、时间、地点加以说明）
a coffee cup a shoe factory a tooth brush a trouser packet (三)主谓一致的三个原则 1 语法形式上的一致
主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。 （1）以-s或 -es 结尾的名词，谓语动词一般用复数形式，
如：buses, shoes, shortcomings（缺点），goods（货物） （2）有量词修饰
a great deal of, a few, a great many+复数名词+复数谓语动词 a lot of, plenty of, all of, half of / part of , most of ,masses of /
a large quantity of +复数形式+复数谓语动词/单数形式+单数谓语动词 a little, much, a great deal of/ a large amount of +不可数名词+单数谓语动词 the number of +复数名词+单数谓语动词 a number of +复数名词+复数谓语动词 2 意义上的一致
（1）集合名词作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式；如果就其中一个个成
员而言，谓语用复数形式。
My family is going to have a long journey. My family are early risers.
The population in China is very large, and eighty percent of the population in China are
farmers.
类似的常见词有：class, crowd, government, public, team, etc. （2）某些集体名词（如people, police, cattle）只能当复数看待。 The police are looking into this matter.警察正在调查这件事。 （3）单复数同形的词看情况。
deer, sheep, species, means, works, etc.
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A sheep is over there.
Some sheep are over there..
（4）名词所有格后的名词被省略的情况一般指商店、公共建筑物、住宅等做主语，动词一般为单数，
例如：the baker’s (面包店) the barber’s (理发店)
（5）表度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，把这些词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。
The miles is not a long distance. Ten years has passed. 100yuan is a small sum.
（6）由两个部分组成的表示衣物的或工具的名词（如glasses, trousers, shoes, chopsticks）,谓语用复数，但如果有量词，修饰看量词。 Your shoes are new.
This pair of shoes is new.
（7）以-s结尾的学科名词，如mathematics, physics, polities, gymnastics谓语用单数。 Mathematics is very interesting.
（8）以-s结尾的指单一事物的专有名词谓语单数，如： The United States , The United Nations . （9）This kind/sort/type of+名词。 This kind of book sells well. Books of this kind sell well.
（10）all 的用法，指人动词用复数，指情况抽象用单数 All are present. Let’s begin the meeting .(指人) Now all has been changed. (指物) （11）The +形容词（或过去分词），谓语通常用复数，如指个体用单数。 The blind study in special schools.
The departed (死者)was a well-known engineer.
类似的词有：the brave, the dead, the injured, the old, the poor, the rich, the wounded, etc. 3.就近原则
A 用and 或both ?and 连接并列主语，谓语通常用复数。
Mary and John are good friends.但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词要用单数形式 （这时and 后面的名词没有冠词）。 The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor. Truth and honesty is the best policy. A knife and fork is on the table. B There be 句型
There is a table in the room.
There are some books and a pen on the table.
4当主语后面跟有as well as 等引导的词组时，位于要看其前面的主语而定单复数。 The teacher as well as the students was excited. The students as well as the teacher were excited.
类似的词有：with, together with, along with, rather than, but, except, besides, including, like, among, etc. 5 以or, nor, either?or, neither?nor, whether?or, not only?but also? 就近原则
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Not only John but also the Smiths are good at Chinese. Neither you nor I am good sailor. 6 不定代词each, every, no 所修饰的名词即使以and 或逗号连接成多个并列主语，谓语
动词仍用单数形式。
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in the future. Every teacher and student has their own shortcomings. 7 如果主语由more than one ?或many a ?构成，尽管从意义上看是复数形式，它的谓
语动词仍用单数形式。
More than one student has seen the film. Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
但是，在more+复数名词+than one 结构之后，谓语动词一般用复数形式 More members than one are against your plan. 8 one of +复数名词+定语从句，从句中的动词用复数形式。
The only one of +复数名词+定语从句，从句中的动词用单数形式。 He is one of the students who are elected.
He is the only one of the students who is elected.
Exercise:
一、用括号内的正确形式填空：
1. Granny Li has two ________ (daughter-in-law) and a ________ (son-in-law). 2. How much ______ (oil) do you want?
3. Autumn has come. The ____ (leaf) have turned yellow, then brown and dropped off. 4. There are two _____ (piano) in our school.
5. Some ________ (passer-by) saw the accident in the street. 6. Today’s news ______ (be) quite surprising.
7. I think that physics _____ (be) more difficult than chemistry.
8. The singer and composer _____ (sing) her latest composition now. 9. 3,000 miles ___(be) quite a long distance.
10. The scientific experiment group _____(consist) eight persons. Three of them ____(be) clever
at maths, the rest ____(be) good at physics. Now the group ______ (discuss) how to make the experiment on electricity.
11. There are four ________ (woman doctor) in our office.
12. Our master and group leader often _____ (help) us to improve our work. 13. The cattle ____(be) up in the hill.
14. I as well as they _____ (be) highly satisfied with the report.
15. Every man and every woman _____(be) to take part in the elections. 16. There ______ (be) a radio and some books on the table.
17. On the wall of the music hall, there is a portrait of _________ (Beethoven). 18. There are four _______(Zhang) in our workshop.
19. Not only the planets bur also the earth _______(move) round the sun.
20. Prof. Li with his pupils _______(keep) on the running exercises every morning. 二、单项填空：
1. All the employees except the manager ____ to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged 2. This shop sells _____ clothing.
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