初中英语语法讲座（六）
姓名_____________
七、连词 1．并列连词
both?and 既~又~谓语用复数动词
neither?nor 既不~也不~含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决定单复数。 either?or? “或者 ?或者?”“不是?就是?”
and“和” 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。 but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。
or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or，而不用 and。 eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否) I don't have brothers or sisters. = I have no brothers and no sisters. 2．引导宾语从句的连词 陈述句：that 可省略
一般疑问句：if /whether “是否” 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词
3．引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中) 4．引导时间状语从句的连词：
A. when（当?时候），as soon as?（一?就），not?until（直到?才），after（在?之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。 eg: I won't leave until he comes back. B. since（自从?以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。 eg：We haven't met each other since she left here last year. C. while（当?时候，一边?一边?）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。 eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework. 5．引导条件状语从句的连词：
if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。 请区别于if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定 eg:1)I don't know if it (rain) tomorrow.
2)If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, I _____________ (not climb) the hills.
3)Joan and Mary haven't seen each other ___they left school five years ago. A. as B. before C .after D. since
语法补充资料——连词
I． 要点
1、 连词的种类
（1） 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。 （2） 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。 2、 常用连词举例 (1)and 和，并且
They drank and sang all night. (2) both…and 和， 既…也… Both my parents and I went there. (3) but 但是，而
I'm sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么… Either you're wrong, or I am. (5) for因为
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him. (6) however 然而，可是
Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go. (7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you. (8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well. (9) or 或者，否则
Hurry up, or you'll be late. Are you a worker or a doctor? (10) so 因此，所以
It's getting late, so I must go. (11) although 虽然
Although it was late, they went on working. (12) as soon as 一 …就
I'll tell him as soon as I see him. (13) because 因为
He didn't go to school, because he was ill. （14）unless 除非，如果不
I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow. （15）until 直到…
He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构) He stayed there until eleven.
（16）while 当…时候，而 (表示对比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词) My pen is red while his is blue. （17）for 因为
He was ill, for he didn't come. (结论是推断出来的) （18）since自从…
I have lived here since my uncle left. （19）hardly… when 一… 就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left. （20）as far as 就… 来说
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里) II． 例题
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A when B where C which D while
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
初中英语语法讲座（七）
姓名_____________
八、动词
可以分为四类：实义动词（或称行为动词）连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。
（一）实义动词 （行为动词）
1.不及物动词:不能直接跟宾语,常须加了介词后方能加宾语
如:look at (for, after), get to (on), operate on, hear of, hear from, point to (at), worry about, knock at, play with, think about等
2.及物动词:后面必须跟宾语,意义才完整
在及物动词+副词 构成动副搭配时,代词放中间这一点同学们常易忘记,故应特别加以记忆。 如:turn on(√) turn on the radio(√) turn the radio on(√)turn on it(×) turn it on(√)
常见的动副搭配的词组有：put on, pick up, look up, wake up, try on, write down, move away, take away等 3.注意行为动词的几种变化形式 原形 enjoy 第三人称单数 enjoys 过去式 enjoyed 过去分词 enjoyed 现在分词 enjoying
象过去式，过去分词，同学们须熟记初中所学的不规则动词变化表。
现在分词的变化方法，一般是直接在动词后加ing，有几个特殊的可加以记忆：lie-lying, die-dying 要双写的单词有：
一个m(swim-swimming) 一个g(dig-digging)
三个n(run-running, win-winning, begin-beginning) 三个p(stop-stopping, shop-shopping ,drop-dropping)
还有六个t(sit-sitting, hit-hitting，get-getting, let-letting, put-putting, forget-forgetting) 同学们特别应注意forget, begin这种双音节单词。
另外，eat, wait这两个词不是重读闭音节，故不能双写加ing，这也是同学们易犯的错误。 4.请区别几组易混淆的同义动词 第一组 look-see-watch-read look 看 look at the bird see 看见 see a film
watch 观看、注视 watch TV， watch a football match read 读 ，阅读 read a book， read newspapers 第二组 say-speak-talk-tell say 说（不及物动词）
①say to sb. , (后跟引语) ②say it again (后常跟it) speak 讲，发言（不及物动词）
①speak at the meeting ②learn to speak ③speak English talk 谈话（不及物动词）
①talk about sth.(谈论某事) ②talk with sb.(和某人交谈) tell 告诉，讲（及物动词）
① tell sb. to do sth. / tell sb. not to do sth. ② tell sb. about sth. (后常跟某人)
③tell the time “报时”/ tell a story “讲故事” 用say, speak, talk,tell的适当形式填空： 1.Can you ＿＿＿＿ Japanese?
2.The teacher ＿＿＿ us not to play in the street. 3.Would you please ＿＿ it in English? 4.What are you ＿＿＿＿ about? 第三组 borrow-lend borrow 借进（短暂动词） ①borrow sth. (借某物)
②borrow sth. from sb. (向某人借某物） 如May I borrow your bike? Mine is broken. lend 借出（短暂动词）
lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb.(把某物借给某人) 如:You mustn't lend it to others.
keep 借（一段时间），常与一段时间的时间状语连用，为延续性动词。 如: How long may I keep it? 第四组 bring-take
bring 带来（表示从远处拿到说话的地点来），常与here, me 搭配 如：Please bring my hat to me tomorrow.
take 带走（表示从说话地点拿到远处去），常与there, away搭配 如：Take your raincoat with you. It's going to rain. 第五组 listen-hear
listen 听 不及物，常与介词to连用 如:I listened carefully, but heard nothing. Hear 听到 及物 后直接跟宾语 hear from sb 收到某人的来信
如:Jim's mother haven't heard from him for a long time. hear of 听说 如:Have you heard of the news? 第六组 look for-find-find out look for 寻找 （强调动作） find 找到 发现（强调结果）
如:We looked for him everywhere but didn't find him. find out 查明 （通过调查研究找到事实的真相） 如:Can you find out who broke the window? 第七组 put on-wear-dress put on 穿上 （强调动作）
如:It's cold outside. Please put on your coat. wear 穿着（强调状态）
如:Lucy is wearing a blue sweater today. dress 打扮，给...穿衣服
①dress sb. / oneself 给某人（或自己）穿衣服 ②get dressed 穿好衣服
③dress up 打扮 穿上盛装”
如:She often dresses up in a red skirt. 第八组 forget-leave forget 忘了某物
如:I forgot to tell you about it. leave 把某物忘在某地