从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。
从句通常是用关联词来引导的。在这里关联词还起联系从句和主句的作用。 主从复合句（Complex Sentences） 一、从句的种类： 主语从句（Subject Clauses） 1、名词性从句 表语从句（Predicative Clauses） Noun Clauses 宾语从句（Object Clauses） 同位语从句（Appositive Clauses） 2、定语从句 （Attributive Clauses） 3、状语从句 （Adverbial Clauses） 注：以it作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用的句型有： （1）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
（2）It + be + 名词词组 + that从句 （3）It + be + 过去分词 + that从句
（4）It seem, happen等不及物动词 + that从句 二、常用的关联词
1、从属连词 that（无词义）；whether是否；if假如，是否 although(though)虽然；because因为 when当?时候；before在?前；after在?后 since既然，自从；as正如，尽管，一边，由于；while在?期间 as soon as一?就；as long as只要；as if好像 2、连接代词 who, whom, which, what, whose 3、连接副词 when, where, why, how 4、关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that 5、关系副词 when, where, why 1、主语从句： 种类 连 词 关联词 that 例 句 说 明 That he will come and help you is certain. that在句首不可省去 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。 whether Whether there is life on the moon is an 主语从句中只能用interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是whether不可用if。 个有趣的问题。 主 连 接语 代词 从 连 接句 副词
who what which when where why how What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要 跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 句 Who will win the match is still unknown. 主语从句放在句首，子常显得笨重，因此一般 前面 It is known to us how he became a writer. 把它移到句子后面，我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 用引导词“it”来作形式 Where the English evening will be held 主语。 has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 例 句 说 明 whatever 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 2、宾语从句： 种类 陈述关联词 I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他 that在句中不担任任31
种类 意义 关联词 that 是忠诚的。 例 句 说 明 何成分，在口语或非正式但如We must never think(that) we are good 的文体中常被省去，in everything while others are good in 从句是并列句时,第二个nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都分句前的that不可省。 好，别人什么都不好。 if whether I wonder whether he will come or whether常与or not连not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 用，不能用if代替。 Everything depends on whether we 作介词宾语要用have enough money. 一切要看我们是whether不能用if。 否有足够的钱。 I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思。 He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day. 从句是否定句时一般用if他不在乎天气是否好。 引导。 宾 疑问意义 语 特殊who, whom, Please tell me what you want. 请告 宾语从句作及物动词疑问which,whose,诉我你需要什么？ 宾语也可做介词的宾语。 意义 what, when, She always thinks of how she can where, why, work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作how,whoever, 做好。 whatever, whichever 从 注1 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 We must make it clear that anyone 如果宾语从句后面有who breaks the law will be punished. 宾语补足语，则用it作形我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要式宾语，将从句后置。 受到惩罚。 We don’t think you are here. 我们认 think, believe, 为你不在这。 imagine, suppose等动词要将从 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信引出的宾语从句，他不会这样做。 句中的否定形式，移动主句中。 3、表语从句： 种类 关联词 表 语 从 句 例 句 说 明 句 注2 连that The problem is(that) they can’t get here early 在非正式的文词 whether enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。 体中that可以省as if It looks as if it’s going to rain. 看起来天要下雨。 去。 连接代词 连接副词 when This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问 where 题所在。 why how That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 32
表语从句位于who That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 what The question is who(which of you) will be the next 主句系动词之后 which speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。
4、同位语从句： 种类 关联词 同 位 语 从 例 句 说 明 由连词 The news that he had landed on the moon 同位语从句说明其that引导，spread all over the world. 他曾在月球上登陆这个前面的名词的具体内不担任成消息传遍世界。 容，常用的名词如：分，也可有 I have no idea when he will come back home. fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, where等引 The thought came to him that Mary had order, fear, doubt, 导。 probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 word, proof， belief, He must answer the question whether he agrees story等。 to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。 句 when, how, 我不知道他什么时候回来。 名词性从句包括四种从句即主语从句、表词从句、宾语从句和同位词从句。名词性从句的特点：that 、who、 whom、 what 、whether及 when、 where引导名词性从句时必须是陈述句词序： 1、主词从句：
That light travels in straight line is known to all .(That 引导主语从句不可省) When the plan is to take off hasn’t been announced ． 主语从句通常以it 做形主语出现
It was my fault that I had him play foatball all faternoon.
It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher.
2、表语从句，即名词性从句放在表语位置就是表语从句，需要注意的，主语是 reason时，表语要用that引导而不是because．
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
3、宾语从句that 常可以省略，并且注意时态呼应，当主句为过去时时，从句时态一定往前推移，不可出现现在时或现在完成时。
The teacher told us that Tomo had left us for America．
4、同位语从句注意与定语从句区别，同位语从句对前一名词做补充说明，在从句中无语法位置，而定语从句所修饰词在从句中占一语法位置如：
The idea that one can do the work without thinking is wrong．( 同位idea在从句中无位置，而从句只是具体说明idea的内容）。
The idea that you put forward at the meeting is wrong ．(定语从句，idea做put forward 的宾语)。 【专项训练】
1．I wonder how much ．
A．cost these shoes B．do these shoes cost C．these shoes cost D．are these shoes cost 2．Nobody knew ．
A．where he comes B．where he was from C．where he is from D．where does he come from 3．Excuse me ,would you please tell me ． A．when the sports meet will be taken place ． B．when was the sports meet going to be held． C．when is the sports meet to begin ． D．when the sports meet is to take place ．
4．Cornputers can only give cut has been stored in them . A．that B．which C．what D．anything 5．She wanted to know ．
A．whether I knew her and where did she work B．if I knew her and the factory she worked there
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C．wherther I knew her and the factory she worked D．if I knew her and the factory where she worked
6．My friend wouldn’t tell me his new car ． A．how much he paid for B．how much did he pay C．he paid how much for D．did he pay how much
7．A simple experiment shows air has some strength ． A．what
B．that C．which
D．who
D．is surprised whether
8．He you are not going abroad．
A．surprised that B．is surprised that C．surprised at 9．Father asked ． A．what was wrong with me B．what’s wrong with me C．what wrong was with me D．what wrong is with me 10．It doesn’t matter I rest or not ．
A．if B．whether C．that D．when 11．The trouble is we are short of tools ． A．what
B．that C．how
D．why that
12．That is there appears a rainbow in the sky ． A．what B．when C．why D．however
13． I can’t understand is he wants to change his mind． A．That , that B．Which , what C．What , what D．What, why 14．It is possible he misunderstood I said． A．that ,that
B．what, what C．what , that
D．that , what
15．The thought he might fail in the exam worried him ． A．which B．that C．when D．/ 16．The fact he is an orphan is well known． A．wha B．that C．which 17． I was free that evening
D．/
D．It was happened that
A．It happened to B．It happened that C．That happened 18． I will accept the gift is none of your business． A．If B．Whether C．What D．Which 19． I have will be yours sooner or later ．
A．No matter what B．No matter whatever C．Whatever D．That 20．He always thinks he can do more for the people．
A．of how B．how C．of that D．why
21． in the newspaper that the Japanese Minister will arrive next Monday ． A．It says B．It is said C．It has said D．He is said
22．We think it important college students should master at least one foreign language ． A．which B．that C．what D．whether 23．Comrade Wang is to give us a talk on he saw and heard in Britain． A．what B．all what C．that D．which 24．The town is no longer it was ten years ago． A．which
B．that C．what
D．when D．The person
25． told yuou that was lying ．
A．who B．whoever C．Anyone 26．Word came I was wanted at the office． A．which
B．why C．that
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D．whether
27． nothing to do with us ．
A．What he did is B．What he has done C．What did he do 28．The problem is will go ． A．that B．that who C．who D．whoever 29． there is life on another planet is almost impossible． A．How B．That C．Why D．Whether 30． was a well -known fact．
B．That their team being weak
D．If their team was weak
6 A 16 B 26C
7 B 17 B 27 D
8 B 18 B 28 C
D．What he has done has
A．That their team was weak C．Their team was weak 【答案】： 1 C 11 B 21 B
2 B 12 C 22 B
3 D 13 D 23 A
4 C 14 D 24 C
5 D 15 B 25 B
9 A 19C 29 B
10 B 20 A 30 A
九、状语从句Adverbial Clauses 知识要点：
状语从句是副词性从句，它在句子中担任状语，修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词。根据修饰的方面，状语从句可以分为以下九种。 1、时间状语从句 2、地点状语从句 3、原因状语从句 4、目的状语从句 5、结果状语从句 6、条件状语从句 7、方式状语从句 8、 让步状语从句 9、 比较状语从句 1、时间状语从句 种类 从属连词 when 例 句 说 明 When I came into the room, he was when指的是“某一具体的时间”。 writing a letter. 当我进屋时，他正在写信。 whenever指的是“在任何一个不具体的时间”。 whenever We shall go there whenever we are free. 时 我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。 when 间 状 语
I was walking along the street when when意为“这时”或suddenly someone patted me on the “在那个时候”,可以看shoulder from behind. 作是并列句,这种用法我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍的when分句一般位于我的肩膀。 句末。 While it was raining, they went out. 天下雨的时候，他们出去了。 I stayed while he was away. 他不在的时候我在。 while指“在某一段时间里”，“在?期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的。 while as He hurried home, looking behind as he as引导持续性动作，强35