3) Semantic inclusion
4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.
问题： \请你从语境的角度来分析？
答案：This is wrong sentence, because
it has two problems : 1)Ambiguity 2)Indication of reference
According to two functions of Context
1) Elimination of ambiguity
2) Indication of Reference
This sentence can be corrected as follows :
1)what a nice smell, the chicken is ready to eat.
2) The chicken is hungery, so the chicken needs foods.
选择题：
A concept has referring expressions ____.
A) one B) many C)a few D) none of the above. 答案：B
The grammatical meanings of a word refer to the part of the meaning of a word which indicate grammatical concept or relationship, such as ____ .
A) part of speech of a word B)Singular and plural forms C) tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms D) All of the above.
答案： D)
问题：pick and choose , 它算习语中的哪一个类别？
答案：reiteration （同义词叠用）
问题：rain or shine ， 它算习语中的哪一类
答案：Juxtaposition (反义词叠用)
kith and kin
alliteration
might and main
alliteration
cooked 这是哪一种, 请从词缀的角度来加以区别cooked
inflectional affixation
employer
derivational affixes
名词解释：connotative meaning : is also known as connnotation
What are the differences between hymonyms and polysemyms ?
face 是多义词 , ball 不是
论述题： I met a write rwho is the relation of a politician.
I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley.
以上这两句话哪一话好，好在哪里？(p119)
注意：答这个论述题时先说哪句好，然后加以分析，最后要答上下义关系hyponymy 的名词解释。
Chapter 8 meaning and Context
要记两个重要部分:
1 Context 如何进行分类
两种: 1) Linguistic context
In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word
appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.
2) Extra-linguistic context or non-linguistic context
IN a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.
Context 这两个分类也就是它的名词解释
1)Linguistic context
Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context
Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is offten affected and defined by the neighbouring words.
Grammatical context In some cases, the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context.
重点:简答题: What is linguistic context?(这道简答题没考过, 但是整个context 考过)
重点:The role of Context 语境的作用?
三个作用: 1) Elimination of Ambiguity
Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy
2) Indication of Referents
Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing.
3) Provision of Clues for Inferring Wordmeaning
在3) 中又包括八种线索:
(1) Definition
(2) Explanation
(3) Example
(4) Synonymy
(5) Antonymy
(6) Hyponymy
(7) Relevant details 第九章: English Idioms
这一章关键是要记习语，这些习语都要记。
名词解释: Idioms (重点)
(1)Idioms consist of set phrases and short
sentences which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.
(2)Strickly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of indiviudal elements.
(3)In forms idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions.
9.1 Character5istics of Idioms
9.1.1 semantic unity (重点)
1) idioms each consist of more than one word.
2) in the idiom words have lost their individual identity.
3) quite often the idiom functions as one word.
e.g. \’ forever as an adverb.
9.1.2 Structural stability ( 重点)
1) the structure of an idiom is to a large exten unchangeable. first , the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced.
e.g. \
\
\
\
2) Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed.
e.g. twos and threes; tit for tat; the lion’s share
3) Thirdly, the constituents of an idioms cannot be deleted or added to , not even an article.
e.g. out of the question means ’ impossible’
in question ( being considered)
4) Finally , many idioms are grammatical unanalysable,
e.g. diamond cut diamond ( two parties are equally matched )
like cures like
(as) sure as eggs ( quite certainly )
stepped up ( improve or enhance)
in the raw ( naked )
turnn over a new leaf ( begin a new life )
draw the curtain ( end or concel )
9.2 Classification of Idioms
The difficulty in using idioms lies first in the difficulty of grasping the elusive and figurative meaning, of determining the syntactic functions of idioms
e.g. heart and soul ( adverbial )
Idioms may be classified into five groups:
1) Idioms Nominal in Nature
2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature
3) Idioms Verbal in Nature（五类中最重要的）