问题: Connotative meaning is not the same to everybody, every situation and every time, analyze the statement?
答案: e.g. A child is prejudiced against, often jeered at, beaten or scolded at home, then home to his is nothing but ’ a hell’, hence unfavourable connotatitions,
问题: 某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？
答案：e.g. A phrase like ’son of a *****’ which normally has an associative meaning of crude vulgarity may convey the connotation of ’friendliness’ and ’intimacy’ used between two close friends when they meet after some prolonged period of time.
问题:Stylistic meaning 根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据The Five Clocks 划分,有几种划分?
答案:In some dictionaries, stylistic features are clearly marked as ’formal’, ’informal’, ’literary’, ’archaic’, slang’.
Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of formality: ’frozen’, ’formal’, ’consultative’, ’casual’ and ’intimate’.
问题:在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类?
答案:1)formal 2)neutral 3) informal
注意:要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.
在情感意义affective meaning, 考试往往要落脚在affective meaning 的两个分类:(年年affective meaning 例子都考)
(1) appreciative meaning
(2) pejorative meaning
Collocative meaning 中的例子要记好: pretty , handsome
Green 搭配的例子记好: green on the job, green fruit , green with envy , green-eyed monster. 复习:
问题: Blackmail 从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度被划分成什么词?
答案:Complex
Morphological motivation
问题: 有 reference 的词必然具有sense and concept ( 正确)
有sense 的词一定具有reference.(错误)
The word which have meaning does not have necessarily reference.
问题: ’Forget, forgot, forgetting , forgotten , forgets’这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支?
答案: Grammatical meaning
问题: ‘frozen, ‘formal’ , ‘consultative’, ‘casual’ and ‘intimate’ 这五个词是总结了什么的划分， 是根据什么的划分?
答案: stylistic meaning , 是根据The Five Clocks written by Martin Joos.
问题:But in daily life , we always refer to (formal), (neutral) , (informal).
问题: ’Pretty boy, pretty woman , pretty garden, pretty garden , pretty car’，请解释这些词的意义一样不一样？如果不一样请加以理论分析？
答案:Collocative meaning, when pretty is used to modify different nouns both animate and inanimate , their collocative meaning are totally different.
问题：Table tennis can be replaced by pingpong ball and the name of the bird is also called cuckoo , which can also be reused to refer to the sound of the bird , so their two words are (onomatopoeically) motivated.
问题：’Unexpected, expectation, expecting’, these three words are (morphologically) motivated.
问题： ’Hopeless, jobless, dislike’, 这三个词是靠什么motivated. ( morphologically motivated)
问题：’East or west , home is best’ and ’there is no place like home’. 这两话是使用了什么样的意义构成的？
答案: Connotative meaning
第六章: Sense Relations and Semantic Field
polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住）
Two Approaches to Polysemy:
1) Diachronic approach
2) Sychronic approach
Two Processes of Development
1) radiation
(1) radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.
(2) the meaning are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.
e.g. face, neck
2) concatenation
(1) meaning ‘ linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in may cases ,there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning .
(2) In plain terms the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost.
e.g. treacle
注意： 这两种模式的名词解释照样要记（这两种模式只在填空，选择，出过题，还没有以名词解释形式考过）
问题：In the linguistic study, what are the sense relations and what are the types of sense relations ?
答案: A word which is related to the other words is related to them in sense, so it is called sense semantic relations.
types of sense relations : polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住）
问题：Fruit 与 apples bananas, pineapples, lychees 是什么语义关系？
答案：Hyponymy?
问题：Fruit 这一类里包含apples, bananas, pineapples, grapes 它们形成了一种什么样的理论？
答案： Semantic field
问题：有的时候在英语中存在着一种语言不共容的现象，那就是反义词的不共容的现象， 那么这种不能够相互溶合，这样的词在反义词当中被称作什么词。
比如说：dead , alive , 它们之间的反义关系是什么样的一种关系？
答案：Contradictory terms
它们之间形成的语义关系被称作antonymy
问题：Contradictory terms 有一个最大的特点是什么？
答案：Mutually exclusive and are non-gradable, They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualify them.
问题：反义词存在不存在一种包容现象？
答案：表明two poles, two extremes，的反义词，它们之间存在一种包容现象，这种包容现象被称作（Middle ground）
e.g. huge / tiny（ 它们之间存在着big , small , quite big, quite small）
e.g. young / old
这类反义词被称为(Contrary terms)
问题：fast 这个词, 它表示紧的概念时, 它 和loose 是一组反义词，表示快的概念 时，它和slow 是一组反义词， 这样的 一种语义关系算什么样的语义关系？
答案： polysemy
问题：分析deer , dear 这两个词是什么样的词？
答案：Homophone
重点: homonyms 有哪三个类别的划分？
1) perfect homonyms
e.g. bank , bear
2) homographs
e.g. bow, sow
3) homophones
e.g dear, deer
right, write, rite
重点：Origins of Homonyms
1) Change in sound and spelling
2) Borrowing
3) Shortening
问题：shortening 可以表现在哪些分支结构构成上?
1) Acronymy 2) Homonymy 3) Narrowing 4) Idioms
重点问题：Homonymy 和 Polysemy 的区别？ （ 未考过）
6.2.4 Rhetoric Features of Homonyms
e.g. Long time no sea. ( puns )
humor, sarcasm or ridicule 重点：名词解释 Synonyms
Types of Synonyms : 1) Absolute synonyms 2) Relative synonyms
重要简答题：Sources of Synonyms ( 四大来源， 配以例子说明就可以了)
1) Borrowing
2)Dialects and regional English
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words
4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
重点：如何区分同义词？(Discrimination of Synonyms )
1) Difference in denotation
2) Difference in connotation