as free grammatical units in sentences.
3) They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root words ,as each of them consists of a single free root .
4) free morphemes are free roots.
bound morphemes: 1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound..
2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix affix 分为两类: inflectional and derivational affixes.
Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes.
Derivational affixes: 1)derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create now words.
2) Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.
root : 1) a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
2) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word
3) a ’root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed’
stem : 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of
two root
morphemes as in a compound like handcuff.
2) It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in
mouthful, underestimate.
3) Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
问题：Stem 和 root 有一个最大的区别在哪里? ( 连着两年没有考过)
答案： a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can
be added.
问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征: nation , dict 请加以理论的分析? Both nation and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence,
Nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed, nation as a free root, still remains
Dict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammatically , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dict has to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .
问题：分析下面一句话: He is much more cleverer than any other one in the village,
too heads are better than one. 请从构词角度分析以上的例子,
cleverer , better
cleverer (-er : inflectional affixes )
better ( good , well 的特殊变化) It is allomorph of good and well. 第四章:
问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种? 答案：有七种:
1) Affixation 2) Compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening 5) clipping 6) acronymy 7) blending
有三种最常用: affixation , compounding and conversion 问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种? 答案：Extension
问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式? 答案：Narrowing
问题：Affixation 又被称为什么? 它分为哪两类？ 答案：Affixation is also known as derivation
Affixation falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation 要点: 有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别: a-, non, ir : negative prefixes
de- , dis- ( 既属于negative , 也属于reversative prefixes ) mal-, pseudo-, mis- : pejorative prefixes super , sur-, extra ： prefixes of degree or size
anti-, contra-, counter-, pro- : prefixes of orientation and attitude trans-, fore- tele- : locative prefixes fore-, post- : prefixes of time and order
bi-, uni-, semi- : number prefixes pan-, vice - : miscellaneous prefixes suffixation : 1. Noun suffixes 1) Denominal nouns 2) Deverbal nouns
3) De-adjective nouns: ity, -ness, 4) Noun and adjective suffixes
注意Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping 的名词解释. 要点: 复合词分为哪三类: 1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open 简答题: what are the characteristics of compounds ?
What are the difference between compounds and free phrases ? 答案：
1) phonetic features 2) Semantic features 3) Grammatical features
最常见的三种词性 : 1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds
问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性, 哪两种不具有多产性? 在形容性复合词当中, 哪三类有多产性? 动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的? *名词解释:Conversion ( 重点，还没考过)
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation ( 选择或填空要点)
Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion 问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？
答案：由Adjective to verbs : (1) Transitive (2) Intransitive 简答题: 形容词变动词的三种类别( 没考过)
问题：请你举出由conjunction 变为noun 的一个例子? 答案： Ifs and buts
blending are also called blends or portmanteau words ( 选择或填空要点) 问题：‘blending’ 分为哪四类合成词？ 1. head + tail 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail
问题: 绝大多数blending 都是什么词性? 答案：nouns
The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 问题：截短法clipping 分为哪四类？
答案：There are four common types of clipping : 1) Front clipping 2) Back clipping
3) Front and back clipping 4) Phrase clipping 要注意clipping 的例子