material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ‘ long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫Semantic-loans ?
words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.
第二章：The development of the English vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family
It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar . (重点：语系划分的标准）
What is the criteria to divide language families ?
The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar
(重点)The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as(选择题内容：) Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian. ‘Indo-European’ 两大分支： 1.Eastern set 2.Western set
Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.
In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton
The five Romance languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic.
The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.
With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language.
It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.
Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.
重点句: Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England
古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于 (scripts ) 古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了 ( early scripts) Sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期？
.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period )
如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modern English 又可以细划分为 early period , modern period.
*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期 （重要的选择或填空内容） Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance Modern English period 有什么样的外来语的进入？
The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period 现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是 (colonization) The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization )
The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language ( 重要选择或填空内容) Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary Three main sources of new words :
1)The rapid development of modern science and technology 2)Social, economic and political changes; 3)The influence of other cultures and language 2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development 1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing
2)Semantic change （还包括外来词的Semantic loans ） Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer 外来词可以被称作borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作 . 重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words . 恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色
Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American English.
英语从synthetic language 发展到present analytical language 是在英语的哪 一个阶段完成的？
答案：Modern English period
文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段? 答案：Early Modern English period
在英语发展过程 在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？ French, Latin, English in Middle English period
easel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？ 答案：Middle English , Dutch
在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500 个词汇，这 种语言是什么？
答案：Dutch (前年考题)
据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少? 答案：50,000 to 60,000
他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue )
第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu, 这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present - day English Vocabulary 注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。
Old English 和 Middle English 最大的striking distinction 存在于哪一个方面? 答案：Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.
文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响? 答案：Greek , Roman culture
某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?
答案：Modern English
十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry? 答案：Printing
这导致sound and form 出现concord , 出现standardization. 第三章复习:
The smallest unit in the English language refers to (morphemes) The minimal free form in the English language refers to (word)
In the plural form changing, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel change is called (allomorphs)
Deer 复数没有变,还是deer, sheep 复数没有变,还是sheep, 因此,这种变化被 称作(zero derivation) 名词解释:
Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes.
In other words, the morphemes is ’the smallest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs are known as allomorphs, e.g.
the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats in bags, matches
It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese or by zero morphs as in deer-deer, fish-fish 简答题： what are the types of morphemes ? ( 答简答题时,名词解释) 答案：Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes :
1) Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free.
2) These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used