e.g. Tom looks like/resembles his father. My shoes don’t fit me.
3.主动变被动时，如果动词后跟双宾语，其中之一变主语，另一个不变；
直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前加介词to,for,from
e.g.
I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present.
→My husband was given a tie as a birthday present. →A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present. 4.常用搭配：
It is said that… It’s reported that… It’s believed that… It’s well known that… It’s assumed that… III．. 主动表被动 A． 谓语动词的主动表被动
1.感官动词:feel, smell, taste, look等 What does the perfume smell like? His excuse sounds unconvincing.
2.一些与can’t, won’t 连用的动词，如lock, shut, move, act等 The window won’t shut. The engine can’t move.
3.一些与well, easily, perfectly等连用的表示事物的性质、状况的词，如sell, wash, clean, burn Umbrellas sell best in winter. My pen writes well. B. 非谓语动词主动表被动
1. 动名词，如be worth, want, need, require+ doing This plant needs watering twice a week. It’s an idea that’s worth considering. 2. 不定式
1）不定式做名词的定语时，（e.g. something to read, anything to eat） 满足条件 不定式与前面的名词或代词有动宾关系 并与句中另一个名词或代词有主谓关系
(如果不能同时满足，则要用其被动形式表被动)
e.g.
I have nothing to do this afternoon.
Have you anything to be taken to your parents?
He has something to do. (自己做)
区别： He has something to be done (by anyone else). (别人做) ★This house is said to have been built a century ago. 2）可用于there be 结构
There is nothing to worry about. There is nothing to be worried about.
3. 主语+be +adj.+ 不定式， 形容词后跟不定式做状语＆句子主语是不定式的逻辑宾语 e.g.
He is easy to convince.
She is pleasant to work with.
﹡It 做形式主语时， It is +adj.+ to do
It实意词+adj. + to be done 4. be to 固定结构：be to let/blame
Which driver was to blame for the accident? These rooms are to let. C. 介词短语示被动
介词for, on, above, under, in, within, out of 等后面接表示动作的名词时，表达被动含义。
IV. 非谓语动词的被动 A． 不定式的被动：to be + done（ 动词过去分词）
示逻辑主语是动作的承受者，可做主、表、宾、定、状、补语。 To be loved by so many people is also annoying. I hope to be invited to the party. (宾)
△时间变化： 不定式动作先于谓语→不定式被动式的完成时to have been done; 不定时动作同时于谓语→不定时被动式的进行时 to be being done. e.g.
The bank is reported to have been broken into last night. Rainforests are reported to be being cut down rapidly. B. 动名词的被动：being done
He laughed at my being scolded by the teacher. I am proud of being regarded as a national hero. C. 过去分词示被动
Given more time, I will do it better.
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡——富兰克林
Subjunctive Mood (I)
Part I. Warm-up
1. 如果上天再给我一次机会，我会对那个女孩说三个字。
If I were given another chance, I would say three words to the girl. 2. 如果刘翔那天没摔倒，那结果会是怎样？
If Liuxiang hadn’t fallen that day, what would have happened?/ what result would have been?
3. 要是世界上有后悔药就好了。
If only there existed the medicine for regrets.
如果明天下雪的话，我就嫁给你，但是你要知道，现在是夏天。
If it snowed tomorrow, I would marry you. But you need to know that it’s summer now.
Part II. Theoretical explanation
英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。不同的语气用动词的不同形式（有的还借助句法形式）来表示。 Definition of subjunctive mood
虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。
一、Subjunctive mood in the clauses of condition（虚拟语气在条件句中） 虚拟条件 主句
与现在事实相If+主语+did/were 反的假设 （动词be用were) 与过去相反的假设 与将来相反的假设 If+主语+had +done 1、If+主语+were to+ 动词原形 2、If+主语+should do 主语+ would/might/could do 主语＋would /might /could＋have done 主语＋would do might/ could do
For example:
(1) If Monday had a face, I would punch it. 如果星期一有一张脸，我会给它一拳。
(2) If I hadn't walked so fast that day, I wouldn't have been attacked by the big yellow dog. 如果那天我不是走的那么快，就不会被大黄狗袭击。 (3) If I were to win 1 million pounds, I would buy a new house. 如果我赢了一百万英镑，我就会买套新房子。 Attentions:
1. 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整 Eg.: If you hadn’t stayed up late, you wouldn’t be sleepy now. Joke:
A: I don’t like my mother-in-law.
B: Listen, don’t you realize that you couldn’t have your wife if it hadn’t been for your mother-in-law.
A: Yes, that’s why I don’t like her. 2. 省略句
在条件句中，可省略 if，把were ,had, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式． 1)If I were given another chance, I would say three words to the girl. Were I given another chance, I would say three words to the girl.
2) If Liuxiang hadn’t fallen that day, what would have happened?/ what result would have been? Had Liuxiang not fallen that day, what would have happened?/ what result would have been?
3）If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
3. But for, without, otherwise, but that, thanks to等词或词组 主句动词仍虚拟 e.g．But for your help, they couldn’t have won the game.
Chapter 3 Subjunctive Mood (II)
New lesson 特殊虚拟
(1) 退一时态型 西 药 好 用 希望 要是 好用 宁愿
wish if only as if/though would rather a. wish
E.g. I wish that I could put all my thoughts into your heads.
I wish that I hadn't hurt you at all. I wish that she would forgive me. b. if only
E.g. If only that I could put all my thoughts into your heads.
If only that I hadn't hurt you at all. If only that she would forgive me. c. as if/as though
E.g. He walks as if he was Pigsy.
It seems as if not a singer day had gone by. d. would rather
sb. would rather do than do
I would rather attend the grammar class then play dota in my dorm. sb. would rather sb. did
I would rather you played dota. sb. would rather sb. had done sth.
I would rather you had played dota yesterday. (4) 一般过去型 It's time/about time/high time that sb./sth. did sth. It's high time that you got married.
It's high time that you made a plan for your future. (5) should do 型
动词虚拟（宾语从句） 一个坚持 insist
两个命令 order command
四个要求 request require demand ask
五个建议 suggest advise propose recommend move
E.g. Miss Wang suggests that men's room should be rebuilt to women's room in the building. 注意：suggest 当表示―暗示、表明―讲时，insist 表示‖坚持认为―之意时，应用陈述语气。 Eg. The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work. The man insisted that he had never stolen the money. 形容词虚拟 （主语从句） ① -ed 型
It's suggested that men's room (should) be rebuilt to women's room in the building. ② 重要性 必要性
六个重要 important essential crucial vital necessary significant
It's essential that students (should) have enough time to play and relax. 名词虚拟 （表语从句，同位语从句）
suggestion, insistence, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion
Miss Wang's suggestion is that men's room should be rebuilt to women's room in the building.
The suggestion that men's room should be rebuilt to women's room in the building is offered by Miss Wang.
lest / for fear that
Wear more for fear that you should catch a cold.
另外：But for, without, otherwise, but that, thanks to等词或词组 主句动词仍虚拟 e.g．But for your help, they couldn’t have won the game.
Modal Verbs（情态动词）
Introduction
A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. Modal auxiliary verbs give more information about the function of the main verb that follows it.情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在大学英语四、六级考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： （1）Modal verb + have + v-ed （2）Modal verb + be + v-ing
（3）Modal verb+ have been + v-ing （4）Special use of some modal verbs Usage
表示猜测语气强弱程度 must may might can could e.g. He must have been to London. Must & have to
表示必须、必要。如：
You must come in time. 回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。
— Must we hand in our exercise books today? — Yes, you must. (No, you don’t have to.)
―must be + 表语‖的结构表示对现在的状态的推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 You had only an apple at breakfast today. You must be hungry now.
―must + have + 过去分词‖的结构常用在肯定句中，表示推测过去某事―一定‖发生了。其否定形式为：can't / couldn't have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。如: You look so sleepy. You must have stayed up late last night.
―must + have been doing‖ 常用在肯定句中，表示对过去某时正在发生事件的推测，意为―肯定正在，一定正在‖。
It must have been raining this time yesterday.
e.g昨晚这个时候你肯定在玩游戏而不是在做作业。 May & might
表示许可。表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn't表示―不可以‖、―禁止‖、―阻止‖之意。如： You may drive the car.
— Might I use your pen? — No, you mustn't.
用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如： May you succeed!
3.表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。 He may be very busy now.
4. ―may(might) + have + 过去分词‖表示推测过去某事―也许‖发生了。如： He may(might) (not) have gone to London.
5. ―may(might) + have been doing‖表示推测过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。 He may / might have been buying cellphone when you saw him. Shall & should
―should + have + 过去分词‖结构一般表示义务，肯定句表示应该做到而实际上没有做到，并